Everything you need to know about a cell - definitions in outline form, interpretation of Honors Biology intro.

This isnt written in paper form, but a relaible lean of terms to help you orginize your thoughts, or clarify problems. I do an A in this Honors Biology!

I.Chemical foundations for the Cells

A.Organization of matter -(elements, compounds, mixtures)

Elements- materials that cannot be decomposed into substances with divers(prenominal) properties.

Compounds-made of different elements in fixed and unvarying proportions

Mixtures-two or much elements present in varying proportions

1.Atoms and ions

a. soupcons- smallest portion of an element that even so retains properties of the element; contains protons, neutrons, and electrons

b.molecules- units of two or more atoms

c.atomic nucleus- core of atom that accounts for almost all its mass; (-)electrons move rapidly round it

d.atomic number- number of (+) protons

e.mass number- number of protons and neutrons

f.ion- an atom (or compound) that has gained or lost 1 or more electrons, thus is positive or prejudicious in charge

2.Isotopes- vary in number of neutrons

a.radioactive isotopes- have insecure nuclei; breakdown over time

3.Arrangement of electrons

a.         orbitals- regions of space around nucleus where electrons may be at any instant. Each contains 1 or 2 electrons

b.         electrons closest to nucleus are at menial energy levels

B.         Bonds between Atoms

1.         ionic bond- two ions bound by mutual attraction of opposite charges (Na+Cl-)

2.         covalent bonds- atoms share electrons

a.



        non-polar- both(prenominal) atoms exert same pull on divided electrons

b.         polar- hotshot atom exerts more pull than the other on shared electrons; one atom is slightly positive, the other slightly banish; net charge zero

3.         Hydrogen bond- an electronegative atom fallible attracts an H atom that is covalently bonded to a different atom

4.         Hydrophobic interactions (not consecutive bonds)

a.         hydrophilic- substance is attracted to water molecules due to polar nature

b.         hydrophobic- substance is repelled by water molecules due to non-polar...

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