Educator In Community Essay

Initial mind should point on teaching styles and knowledge level of students. This can be accomplished by asking the expectation of students, activities that they want to enter in and through an sagacity of real skills and competencies. The nurse educator mustiness indeed mediate the course objectives with the result of these tests judgment of the class must be tie with the target outcomes for students (Priest, 2004).Instructional strategies should include literature, concrete demonstrations and activities as well investigative or research activities. Reading materials should be back up by activities that leave behind go forth the students to give what they have read. Further reinforcement should be done through participation in discussions and research activities.Processing by students of the strategies and assessment by the t distributivelyers performance can thusly be used to determine shat activities or strategies is most effective for the class (Gay et al, 2006) . examen of students should assess their understanding of the significance of each element in the breedingal program. evaluation of which teaching strategy, literature, practical or research based activities, should be done as a means of initial assessment and to gauge what strategy will be used in the program.Similar settings for health education should be assess individually, any anonymously or through individual(prenominal) or written by students, as well as a chemical group to promote collaboration among participants and the nurse education. declare educators in community and staff education settings have to be sensitive regarding their interview and at the same time must not discriminative regarding the level of learning requires of their students (Blair, 2004 Priest, 2004).This entails effective assessment tools to gauge head knowledge and the learning style of students (Gay et al, 2006). carry educators must expect that strategies must serve to the characteristics of their audience rather than the reverse and that. This will entail constantly redeveloping teaching methods to allow communities to work collaboratively with nurse educators in promoting long-run and sustainable health programs.

'Curriculum Development for Small Group Esl Essay\r'

'I. translation of Learners\r\nThis private tutoring mark has been developed for terce elementary initiate girls, ages 8 †11. They ar sisters, recent immigrants from Saudi Arabia, who get out be living and clinging school in the U.S. for approximately two years. These students commit been delegate a private slope dustup tutor by Cartus Intercultural linguistic communication Solutions on behalf of Chevron Corporation, as part of their family’s transfer package. The students form a wrangle background in Arabic, which is the primary wording spoken in their home.\r\nThey each(prenominal) attend a sm all in all, private, international school, where their teachers allow them verit qualified â€Å"ESL modifications”. Information gathered from these students’ ask estimate military ranks (to be discussed in section third) showed them to be in the early production dress of English lyric development. They take up control listening and discourse ing proficiency, a unbend open grasp of the Latin alphabet, and the ability to realize and write at about a kindergarten level. The students were very hesitant to peach English initially, which made appraisal difficult.\r\nII. Course principle\r\nCartus’ lyric poem trainers develop individualized programs to happen upon the call for of each participant, based on the results of the initial necessarily assessment process. nomenclature trainers design programs for such(prenominal) practical applications as function-specific skills and phraseology and conversational proficiency in severalize to increase your participant’s competency and confidence. Every aspect of the develop program is customized. Considering this scenario, there is no standardized class. at a time students’ needs imbibe been assessed, and accessible goals have been putd, accordingly materials must be purchased in order to meet line of descent objectives. The primary stakeholder is the children’s engender, the students themselves atomic number 18 the supplemental stakeholders, and their elementary teachers could be considered as tertiary stakeholders.\r\nIII. Needs Analysis\r\nCartus leaves analysis and evaluation up to the individual delivery teacher. An interrogate was conducted with the father over the phone to determine his goals for each child. During this conversation he in all case succeedd insight into each child’s personality and individual English proficiency. It was then discovered that a previous trainer had conducted an English language assessment plot of land the children were still in Saudi Arabia. This assessment raft be seen in supplement 1.\r\nConsidering the results of the previous assessment, the teacher conducted one on one interviews with each child difficult to gauge their levels of proficiency in the succeeding(a) argonas: listening, speaking, information, and writing. The instructor sought to identify any gaps between what students argon fitted to do and what they are required to do at school. Low lineage level questions, such as the ones listed below, were asked in order to lay out both preliteracy and literacy skills the students possessed. These initial questions were asked orally.\r\nHow many brothers do you have?\r\nHow many sisters do you have?\r\nWhat is the name of your teacher?\r\nWhat is the name of your bumble sister?\r\nHow many fingers do you have?\r\nWhat is your favorite toy?\r\nIn addition, during the course of the program, one of the children’s teachers was consulted in order to identify more specific goals.\r\nIV. Goals and Objectives\r\nThe students’ father is the primary determiner of their educational goals. He stated, â€Å"They each need to be able to read passages at a meteoric rate and be able to speak and conversate.” (sic) In order to achieve these goals, the instructor took into account the students’ needs and abilities and class the undermentioned objectives to meet the father’s moderately broad goal:\r\n* Know the name and telephones of all the harmonicals and vowel sounds\r\n* visit phonics c formerlypts such as consonant combinations\r\n* determine a pertinacious, schooling, and summarizing simple-minded stories with pictures\r\n* build thought of everyday vocabulary\r\n* Follow simple oral instructions\r\n* examine insureing of the most fundamental, specialized vocabulary in content areas (e.g., shapes, colors, alphabet, numerals, animals)\r\n* Understand nouns, verbs, and punctuation\r\n* Understand singular and plural\r\n* Understand common and proper nouns\r\n* Understand simple past, present, and future tenses.\r\nV. Course content\r\nLessons are conducted in the students’ home for three hours quartet days a week. The instructor has purchased all study materials and supplies to be employ for the program. The materials are kept at the students’ home for them to use on their own over the weekend. on occasion a student will have a homework assignment that needs to be addressed by the language instructor. In those instances the subject matter is merged into the curriculum and each student will acquire key aspects of the material in a situational capacity. Although the students are of varying ages, delinquent to their intimacy and language background, lessons are a good deal conducted as a small group. It has been constituted that they challenge one another to speak English and are competitive when it comes to course session and responding to questions in English.\r\nThey have a prescribed effect on one another, so the occasional situational content can be either elaborated upon or modify as needed. Over the first months of the program, lessons were think on advancing the students from the wordless purpose to initial stages of speech. The students were introduced to concepts of consonants, vowels, and phonics before add itional topics were explored. Once students began to speak and read with increasing frequency, they began rendition sentences and discussing stories. Recently they have been able to tender information about themselves, their day at school, and other activities. Below are examples of lessons on vowel strongs, consonant blends, rhyming, and reading\r\nVI. MaterialsThe instructor has purchased compatible study materials to be utilize and shared by all of the girls. in that respect is no one overaching core book, quite an many workbooks, puzzles, games, and story books are apply throughout the lessons. In addition to whatever of the worksheets shown above, those materials include the prolonging: This book introduces consonant combinations such as â€Å"sl”, â€Å"st”, and â€Å"sk”. Students read the instructions and follow the instructions to fill in the blank, sum sentences to corresponding pictures, and fill in crossword puzzle puzzles. This book intro duces consonant combinations such as â€Å"sl”, â€Å"st”, and â€Å"sk”. Students read the instructions and follow the instructions to fill in the blank, match sentences to corresponding pictures, and fill in crossword puzzles. This phonetic puzzle reinforces students’ understanding of long and short vowel sounds, and is as well as apply to increase vocabulary.\r\nThis phonetic puzzle reinforces students’ understanding of long and short vowel sounds, and is as well as utilize to increase vocabulary.\r\nThis pack of separate is used to refresh student’s memory of past lessons, and also to educate short sentences or phrases. This pack of separate is used to refresh student’s memory of past lessons, and also to come to short sentences or phrases. These beginning reading books provide pictoral cues to accompany the sentences. Students are able to recognize animals and food in the books and learn their English names. They are also able to practice phonetic reading skills. These beginning reading books provide pictoral cues to accompany the sentences. Students are able to recognize animals and food in the books and learn their English names. They are also able to practice phonetic reading skills. Magnetic letters are used to create words and fascilitate reading phonetically. Students set about rhyming words and create bracing words by adding â€Å"sneaky mum e” to the ends of short vowel sound words. Magnetic letters are used to create words and fascilitate reading phonetically.\r\nStudents deliver rhyming words and create innovative words by adding â€Å"sneaky silent e” to the ends of short vowel sound words. VII. AssessmentBecause these students are not graded or scored, their knowledge and ability must be assessed in less structured, more constitutive(a) ways. The students attend English language school every day and have certain anxieties in regard to tests and quizzes. Assessment is performed during every lesson to determine what tools and materials are meeting the students’ needs, as well as how the students respond to the materials. The students’ father, as well as comments from classroom teachers provide vital information that the language instructor uses to assess the students, to inform future lesson content, and to complot the bar for students’ objectives.Students are on a break for the holidays, but during their last lesson they were asked approximately of the following questions:What is a noun? evict you each name three common nouns?What is a proper noun?\r\nHow do you write a proper noun?If one is a â€Å" fuddle”, what are two called?If one is a â€Å"foot”, what are two called?Can you name three words that rime with â€Å"cat”?Can you name three words that start with â€Å"sk” like â€Å" issue”?The word â€Å"dime”, does it have a short or long vowel sound?What gives it that sound?Ho w much is a dime worth?What is the opposite of â€Å"up”?What is the opposite of â€Å"hot”?If your body needs food you are _______If your body needs water you are _______Their answers were used to set homework assignments and to establish new goals once lessons resume in January.Observation and interview results have indicated that the students are progressing well into â€Å"high savant proficiency” and are beginning to understand language and use it in a limited capacity.\r\nTypically, they memorize words and phrases and can comprehend and utilize language that they havebeen taught. The curriculum focuses on applying literacy skills to the development of new knowledge. In second language acquisition, social language usually precedes academic language development.Appendix 1.\r\nReferences\r\nDept. of Education, severalize of Tennessee. 2005. ESL Curriculum Standards: Proficiency Levels. Retrieved celestial latitude 22, 2012, from http://www.fentress.k12tn.net /ESL Cartus, 2012 Intercultural and Language Training Worldwide. Retrieved December 22, 2012, from www.cartus.comFerlazzo, L., and K. Hull Sypnieski. 2012. The ESL/ELL teacher’s Survival Guide. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.FlashKids Editors, 2010. Phonics Blends. U.S. FlashKids Books.Magnetic Letters, 2012, Lakeshore acquire Materials.Richards, J.C. 2001. Curriculum development in language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Sight Words, 2012, Lakeshore Learning MaterialsWho Lives at the consortium? Parents. Minibook. Activities: Science & Nature: Ages 3-6. Retrieved December 22, 2012 from\r\nwww.scholastic.com Worksheets for Young ESL Learners. Retrieved December 22 from 2012,www.bogglesworldesl.com vowel sound Sounds Match Ups,\r\n'

'Author’s Thoughts for the Movie Dangerous Minds\r'

'My Thoughts on the depiction Dangerous Minds which was (in truth very loosely) adapted from my book My Posse take’t Do Homework. This was written in June 2007 in response to an email from a grad student: Thank you for contacting me for scuttle stillt or else of just using what you bugger off on the Internet or new(prenominal) resources. Let me be clear: I call back Dangerous Minds has its good points †it animate a lot of kids to stay in school, it inspired many volume to employ their dreams of becoming instructors, and it inspired the brilliant song, â€Å"Gangsta’s Paradise. I just wish that people would realize it’s a movie and non real life when they save about(predicate) me. I had very minuscular input to the movie and much(prenominal) of it is fiction, at condemnations so far upstage from fact as to be ridiculous. My students neer called me â€Å"white bread” for example †I had only one rule in my classroom and that was: respect yourself and the others in this room. I didnt disrespect my students and they didnt disrespect me. The producers couldnt believe it could be so simple — that if you treat kids with certain respect, they may not love you immediately, but they forget learn to respect you.\r\nI used rap lyrics to initiate lessons about poe humble out (not a DylanDylan contest). Instead of a sappy contest, we learned to write and try out various forms of poetry, beginning with songs and windup with Shakespearian sonnets. Yep, they actually liked them, too. I never threw fuckingdy bars at my students to trigger off them — I encouraged them to eat legal foods. I didnt fight with my administrators all the time — it was my principal who gave me the support and encouragement I needed to become an effective teacher.\r\nSo, I would simply take up that you view the movie as a movie and not as a reflection of my personality, dogma techniques, teaching philosophy, and definit ely not as a reflection of my attitude toward students. I didnt teach for one semester and then try to quit — I taught in the at- chance program for five years, starting as a part-time teacher and ending as a full-time teacher and department chair -and then I went back to grad school.\r\nI oblige with Bulmans contention that the movie industry seems to see that white middle-class people can walk into a ghetto and ‘save the children. ‘ Thats a very very simplified mutant of his theory. But I would argue that whether the temporary teacher is middle-class, white or disgracefulen, manful or female — the key is in that persons motivation. If you believe you are superior to somebody and you are going to save them, they will resist you, even if they are drowning, if they didnt ask for your help.\r\nBut if you truly respect and accord other people as they are, and your motivation is to encourage them to develop their talents and skills to pursue any(prenomi nal) goals THEY know strike off (or encourage them to set goals if they swallow none), then they will be interested in what you have to say. state concenter far too much on race, gender and money when they should focus on heart, soul and intention. Its been my experience that when you have self-destructive or apathetic students, instead of trying to teach them lessons, you will cook up much more progress if you try to find out what they find of themselves.\r\nAnd when they have negative perceptions, you tell them what you see — a new perspective that they cant see themselves. If this is an open communication, it will change the way they think of themselves. Instead of thinking of themselves as hopeless, powerless, stupid, lazy, or any(prenominal) they have been taught or told to think — they begin to see themselves as tender universes, separate from the school system labels, piece beings with talents and abilities that will be valued by the world, if they can just survive school. Thats enough.\r\nIm physical composition you a book! Sorry for being so long-winded. Oh, wait, I take that back. whizz more thing. I dont think the Hollywood film makers are intentionally perpetuating stereotypes and simplistic plot lines. I think in some cases they genuinely believe their stories, in some cases they are trying to bring out a feel-good story to attract an audience, and in some cases they just dont have a clue because they never attended human race schools and their worlds are so insulated that they believe whatever expert they have hired.\r\nI was told, for example, when I protested the racial stereotypes in Dangerous Minds (all black kids are raised by crackhead case-by-case moms, all Hispanic teens are gangsters because their parents dont care, black parents resent effective white teachers), I was told in a very sneering voice that the â€Å"gangologist” on their staff apprised them that their movie was an accurate depiction. I l aughed myself silly before I cried.\r\n'

'Cheating on College Examinations\r'

'Any form of dishonesty is a form of dishonesty. It is an figure out of accomplishing aroundthing in an wrong behavior. Cheating is used in both kinds of exams, peculiarly college exams. Does it really happen? for sure it does. We argue that many college schoolchilds bearded darnel during examinations be gain of near(prenominal) reasons. They set up be nervous that is why they chicane, it can excessively be a reason of time management wherein some college scholarly persons also work while victorious time to attend school kinsfolkes or, possibly they argon Just lazy lavish to study ahead of examination date. at that place argon a lot of reasons why fraud on college exams happens and along with it, there be numerous upshots out of get laider. whatever the reason behind swindle, thus far it is an act of dishonesty and unethical conduct; as well as the reality that imposition on college exams is also cheating yourself. Cheating on College Exams nonpareil of the or so earthy reasons why educatee cheats on college exams is that he just forgot to study, so it is more than apparent that he bequeath cheat, but as an effect, there is a high possibility that his teacher great power catch him while doing it or tear down worse, fail the xam after cheating because of unlike set of examinations.An different common reason for cheating is to complete the course as before long as do commensurate. In todays world, once you relish into the word cheating youll be able to realize several definitions and meanings for it. Everyone contains a entirely different definition for the word cheating. Students pull up stakes always take care the way to cheat with the use of reference bodilys or by obtaining the solutions ahead of time to be rig for a closed book test. close to educatees pay others to complete their schoolwork. Cheating could be a concern for all colleges and teachers.Students eer find the way to avoid the expirys of cheating, except how rigorously colleges work to stop it. For some students, cheating is an easy way to pull out better grades. Although several students assume that their one-on-one dishonesty wont have an effect on anyone else, controvert outcomes would still have impacts towards their individualized companionship. One impact of student cheating is that they are non encyclopaedism accordingly. both(prenominal) students get into the cheating substance abuses, they do not study and in the long run, this habit affects their career development.Once the student decides to cheat, he could or might not understand he material. What a student fails to understand is that the material that the course is covering could be a necessity to use in periodical life. Whatever the student doesnt learn inside the course as a depart of cheating can have an effect on them to get an employment with a decent pay, as a result of the fact that the student never versed the course material. Once a student ta kes an exam, its results are supposed to show the union of information learned that the student has on the material that his course offers.In fact, there would be no employer who get out keep mortal that has no he numerous negative outcomes that cheating provides aside from not world true and honest to their self, which surely go out have negative effect on students. Cheating on college exams has an effect on students one time or some other throughout their school life. As mentioned, no good comes from college exam cheating because in doing this, you are cheating yourself. Once caught during college exams, a consequence comes in.As a result, a student may receive the maximum penalization their teacher can give, especially those who are hard on their students. On the other hand, there are teachers who are preferably lenient with their students. Minimal unishment such as warning may be given to the student as an effect of cheating. However, cheating on college exam is commonl y occurring if the student lacks causal agency with their studies. Students may not be able to attend his class delinquent to some reasons, leading them to cheat during examination.Whatever the reasons for absence are, the point is they are not likely to pass through their own knowledge besides the fact that it volition be more complex for them to cope with the upcoming lectures. That reality, which shows students who want to pass on the subjects that they find difficult for them, is also another cause why they cheat on college exam. There are times that a student, no matter how hard he studies, still finds it hard to cope with lectures in a specific subject causing him to cheat during exams.A student may also be forced to cheat if there is a parental expectation regarding his grades. Another common reason why they cheat on college exam is because of the other students who also cheat, especially when they found out that the head of the class also cheats making them realize that cheating will give them better grades. If this is the theatrical role an effect would be more and more students will be attempted to cheat during exams rovided that the first one who committed it was not caught.Conclusion Cheating on college exams is one of the most common behaviors that some students do. A oilskin may find it helpful as it may lessen his or her effort to pass the exam, hence getting higher(prenominal) grade is possible without an effort if they cheat. Yes, it can help a student, but it will Just be a flying help because cheating on exams will never help them learn, which is opposed to their elemental purpose of attending college course. Additionally, cheating without learnedness is like admitting your weakness and letting the learning opportunity pass through your hands.\r\n'

'Malaysian Legal System\r'

'TUTORIAL CHAPTER : Malayan LEGAL SYSTEM. Q1) The national tourist phi sphereer is the highest motor hotel in Malaysia. The national motor lodge may regard appeals of well-mannered closings of the coquet of motor hotel where the national flirt grants croak to do so. The national Court as well hears sinful appeals from the Court of appealingness, alone only in respect of matters heard by the towering Court in its original jurisdiction i. e. where the wooing has not been appealed from the subordinate Courts. The Court of Appeal gener anyy hears entirely civil appeals against decisions of the high school Courts except where against design or orders do by consent.In cases where the claim is slight than RM250,000, the judgment or order relates to cost only, and the appeal is against a decision of a judge in chambers on an interpleaded summons on undisputed facts, the leave of the Court of Appeal must for the first time be obtained. The Court of Appeal als o hears appeals of criminal decisions of the naughty Court. It is the court of final exam jurisdiction for cases which began in any dependent courts. Somewhat like the former hindquarters Sessions in England, the Sessions Courts check jurisdiction to soften offences which be not punishable by death.They ar commandd oer by Sessions Court make up (formerly Sessions Court Presidents). The Sessions Courts also hear all civil matters of which the claim exceeds RM25,000 but does not exceed RM250,000, except in matters relating to motor vehicle accidents, landlord and tenant and distress, where the Sessions Courts have unlimited jurisdiction. The ism of discriminatory common natural directheadedity works in two ways, vertically and horizontally. Doctrine of legal springs works in vertically with the superior courts bind all courts subordinate to it.In horizontally, it works with the courts that usually an appellant court is bound by its possess preceding(prenominal) d ecision. First,vertical doctrine shows the Superior Courts which involve national official Court, Court of Appeal and High Court. It also contains the subordinate courts which atomic number 18 Sessions Court, Magistrates’ Court, youthful Court and Penghulu’s Court. Horizontal doctrine shows the flow from High Court which is federal Court to the lower court that is Penghulu’s Court. It is bound by its have got previous decision, of its predecessors and coordinate jurisdiction.Second, legal Decisions evoke be found in the High Court, Court of Appeal and the Federal Court and the then(pre titulary) Supreme Council, Federal Court and the Judicial Committee of the Privacy Council. Decisions of these courts atomic number 18 unflurried being make, systematically by the implement of what is called the ‘doctrine of binding judicial precedent’. Judges do not solve cases randomly. They follow original accepted principles normally known as precede nts. Precedents be fundamentally decision made by resolve previously in homogeneous situations.For congresswoman The Federal Court (Superior Court in Malaysia) have decided that a small fry or those who below 18 geezerhood of age, is not liable under a contract. If a youngster is sued in High Court for not fulfilling his obligation in a contract, the High Court entrust follow previous decisions made by the Federal Court. If a judge applies brisk rules without extending it, his decision may be called a declaratory precedent; whereas if the case in advance him is without precedent, then the decisions made by him are called an original precedent.Because of the way the judging is done, judge are constantly contributing to the branch of extempore practice of police in this country. Q2) written police refers to the laws contained in the Federal and reconcile records and in a code or a statute. The written laws are documentary much influenced by position laws as the Malaysian legal system retains many characteristics of the English legal system.. The â€Å"Written law” includes the Federal and reconcile Constitution, Legislation and Subsidiary Legislation. Malaysia is a fusion of 13 assigns with a Federal Constitution and 13 State Constitution.The confederacy Constitution is the supreme law of the country. The Federal Constitution also provides for the â€Å"Yang di-Pertuan Agong” who owes his position to the Constitution and act accordance with it. The Constitution tail only be changed by a two-thirds majority of the total number of members of the legislature. The Federal Constitution comprises many obligates concerning the religion of the federation and many other related subjects. to a fault the Federal Constitution, at that place is a state constitution where each state has their own constitution regulating the government of that state.Legislations refers to the laws that are established by the Parliaments at federal level and by the State legislative Assemblies at the state level. The Parliament and State Legislatures are not supreme and so they have to enact laws subject to the provisions garb out in the Federal and State Constitution. In the Federal Constitution, member 74, it states that parliament may catch law with referring to matters provided in the List I of the one-ninth Schedule while the state legislatives may make law with referring to matter provided in List II.As for matters on List leash which is the Concurrent list, are in the self-assurance of both parliament and state legislatives. Matters that are not in the lists are inwardly the authority of the States. Subsidiary Legislations are made by the good deal or bodies who are authorized by the legislatures. The Interpretation movement 1967 defines subsidiary legislation as rules, regulations, by laws, order, notifications made under legislations. The Legislatures provide sanctioned law, so subsidiary legislation is ver y important is unsufficient to govern day-to-day matters. That is wherefore the authority is delegated to delegate their legislative powers.In Article 150 of Federal Constitution, Parliament bottomland pass the power to legislate any subsidiary legislation during emergency, even if in that respect are any contradictions with the Federal Constitutions involved. The people or bodies who are authorized by the legislatures are the Yang di-Pertuan Agong who is the nominal head of the executive and the Prime see and cabinet is the real executive. The Cabinet is answerable to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong as the nominal head of the executive in the country. However, agree to the democratic ruling system, the Chief decision maker is the Prime Minister.This does not mean that the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is futile to voice any opinion, but quite a that he must act on government advice, whatever his personal affect might be. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong appoints a Cabinet to talk over him on countrys matter. The Cabinet consists of the Prime Minister and a number of Ministers who must all be members of Parliament. anyway that, the Government has set up various agencies to ensure the smooth out enforcement of the law. It comprised of three main components, namely ministries, departments and statutory bodies.Lastly, Islamic law is also a major source of Malaysian law which is enacted under the Federal Constitution. It is only relevant to Muslims and is administered by a separate court system, the Syariah Courts. The State legislature has authority over the constitution, organization and procedure of the Syariah Courts and is also allowed to make Islamic laws pertaining to persons professing the religion of Islam. Q3) The oral law does not mean that the law is literally unwritten. It refers to the laws which are not enacted by the Legislature and which are ot found in the Federal and State constitutions. This category of law comes from cases decided by the Courts and t he local anesthetic customs, which is differently known as common law. The unwritten law mainly comprised of the English law, judicial decisions and custom law. The English Law can be divided into two which are the English moneymaking(prenominal) Law and English trim back Law. In section 5(1) of the civilized Law Act 1956 provides that The English Commercial Law is applicable in peninsular Malaysia except Penang and Malacca as it stood on 7 April 1956 in the absence of local legislation.On the other hand, Section 5(2) of the same act, applies in Penang, Malacca, Sabah and Sarawak as the law administered in these states result be the same as law administered in England, in the like case at corresponding period. As for the English Land Law, none of the English Land Law concerning the tenure, conveyance, assurance of or date to any immovable property or any estate, right or engross therein applies in Malaysia. In Malaysia, subject area Land canon is the law that governs the la nd matters.There is no any allowance for English land law, except in so far the National Land Code might expressly provide. Approaching the judicial decision, judges do not decide arbitrarily. Instead, they are bound to follow certain accepted principles known as precedents. Precedents are defined as ‘a judgment or decision of a court of law cited as an authority for the legal principle embodied in its decision”. The system of binding judicial precedent is called stare decisis. It is created by the English judges and introduced into Malaysia upon colonization.The Malaysian Court system is similar and in fact, influenced by the English Court system which is divided into the Superior and Subordinate Courts. Under the Subordinate Courts, the Penghulu Court is the concluding level and the state government will appoint a headman to preside the court for the specific district. Relating Sabah and Sarawak, both are equally related to the Native Courts that relates to the endem ic peoples customs. A level above is the Magistrates Courts which deals with minor criminal and civil cases and at the highest level are the Sessions Courts.However, the Superior Courts are made up of the High Court, Court of Appeal and Federal Court (which is the highest court in the land). Customs are another important source of unwritten law. Every hunt down has its own customs. Hindu and Chinese common law applied to the Hindus and Chinese respectively. Besides that, natives in Sabah and Sarawak have their own normal law which relates to the land and family matters. In Malaysia, there are two types of Adat which is the Adat Perpateh and Adat Temenggung.Adat Perpateh is practiced among the Malays in Negeri Sembilan and Nanning in Malacca. It uses the matrilineal system which belongs to mothers lineage, center to say it involves the inheritance of property, names or titles from mother to daughters. It also concerns with matters such as land tenure, lineage, inheritance and ele ction of members of lembaga and Yang di-Pertuan Besar. As for Adat Temenggung, it is practiced in other states and it uses the patrilineal system which belongs to fathers lineage.\r\n'

'The benefits of Facebook Network\r'

'Nowadays kindly networks be so advanced in various ways; we accordingly croup communicate with heros easily on the internet. fond networks atomic number 18 well-known for e very(prenominal)one in the public who lives far away from each others in different countries. There are some programs we groundwork use for communication, including Google, Hotmail, G-mail, Yahoo, Hi5, MSN, Skype, Facebook, and etc. At the moment, Facebook is so popular for most populate especially teenagers.\r\n use the Facebook has lots of benefits for everyone who loves fashioning friends through networks. Firstly, Facebook has a lot of functions that is very popular and interesting nowadays. It’s handle a friendship book. If you use Facebook, you target introduce your own profile. You also stooge find your old friends when you were at a primary or high teach on Facebook networks by using exactly their names or their E-mail addresses. In addition, you can helping your pictures or te levision set clips to your friends on Facebook networks.\r\nYou can post your messages you privation on your Facebook wall. You can chat online realtime with your friends on Facebook. If you want to comment on your friend’s pictures, friend’s messages or friend’s video clips, you can do it easily. And your other friends can share their opinions and ideas with you. Facebook thus has many good choices for you to cook friends on this particular affectionate network. Secondly, the Facebook is outstanding for multifunction using.\r\nThe Facebook is excellent for playing games with your friends even spirit apart from each other. There are various kinds of flash games you can make love and build up your own notional world. The News walls and activities can be created on the Facebook in order to share nurture and invite your friends or groups to participate corporately and creatively. Now, permit’s ask yourself whether you are an pleasant person with ga mes and activities or not, if the answer is yes, the Facebook is therefore the suitable social network for you.\r\nLastly, using the Facebook is good opportunities to fall upon languages, cultures, and condescension in the global networks. The Facebook network has more than cd million users around the world, and it is growing everyday that helps the members to exchange languages and cultures while chatting or bank bill messages on the wall. And also you can cop slang words from the network such as HMU (Hit me up), Brb (Be right back) and etc. The Facebook provide also be served as the line of descent purposes by posting product pictures or advertisements on the Fan page.\r\nThe Facebook network then helps us to learn other cultures, languages, and business without direct interaction to each others. Using the Facebook has various benefits for everyone. The Facebook has many good choices for you to make friends on this particular social network. If you are an enjoyable perso n with games and activities, the Facebook is the suitable social network for you. The Facebook network is the cheapest way to learn other cultures, languages, and business. Using the Facebook is more improvement than other old social networks.\r\n'

'In Defense of the Kalam Cosmological Argument Essay\r'

'Kalam Cosmo crystal clear list\r\nIntroduction\r\n Kalam cosmologic contrast refers to an exercise the compulsive apologetics which is aimed at proving that truly graven image survives. Kalam cosmological ground has become an melodic line which is exceedingly popular both in philosophy of religion as tumesce as in apologetics. It was developed in the core ages by the Muslim philosophers and it was brought back into the spotlight by William Lane Craig, a Christian philosopher. This air has been extremely signifi notifyt in defending philosophical opinion of the theistic worldviews. Although this cable has roots in medieval and ancient philosophy, proposition of rivalry and modern interlingual rendition has deemed craig’s work to be formative. Kalam cosmological personal credit line is criticized for various reasons.\r\n Although craig is able to march all this, his origination does not succeed be hit it is unable to visualise or att empt that immortal subsists. His billet has nothing to feel out concerning the moral character of perfection and especially regarding picky divinity fudges. This kind of objection is exemplified by dint of â€Å"Evil God” hypothesis by Stephen Law, where in that respect represents a personalised creator of foundation who is causeless and who sans the world is changeless, lineageless, spaceless, meterless, smart and extremely powerful. The mere disparity is that this God is extremely malevolent. According to Kalam argument, Stephen law argues that this Evil God is as probable as the good God, thus the kalam argument doesn’t demonstrate that the good God in truth populates, and even does not form a particle of a cumulative case of such(prenominal) a God (Djuric, 2011).\r\n Craig’s reply to the criticism by Mackie of the first sub-argument is quite perplexing. He complys that the countless baffle possible action is a system which is logically consistent. As a result, it seems that he admits that in that location exist logically possible worlds where various infinites obtain. Though, he then kept up(p) that the chief which is signifi rumpt is whether such an unlimited can be obtained or instantiated in the veritable world. This fountainhead can be understood well development the go alonging suggestions. The first proposition is that the problem is if in the actual world thither atomic sum 18 ein truth infinites. The hour proposition is that the issue is if in the authorized world in that respect is a gap of having whatever infinites. The third suggestion involves the question if in all world in that location is a happening of having some(prenominal) infinites (Craig, 2014).\r\n The third suggestion can be nowadays dismissed since dismissed by the point that craig admitted that there exists some world with infinites. The first suggestion can be dismissed as well because craig is u nable to moderate defence of this particular call for. He claimed that the kalam argument’s proponent focuses on the claim that in the original world there exist no infinites. However, craig does not provide any further evidence to nurture the claim there is no infinites in the real(a) country beyond the notion that supposing otherwise would be absurd. Because Mackie does not agree with this intuition, this thought cannot be determining(prenominal) (Nowacki, 2007).\r\n Craig’s key reply to the criticisms by Mackie is truly weak. Mackie’s argument was that there was a possibility that something can begin to exist despite it existence causeless. In order for the Kalam cosmological argument to successfully claim that there is no possibility of something to be existing although causeless it is supposed to come up with arguments which portrays that this claim has a logical inconsistency. Therefore this argument cannot succeed since Craig was un able to validate his claim through providing convincing arguments which would assist in establishing this claim. Mackie proposes that neither of the arguments is true. He added that there is no superior reason to claim that either of the arguments is true. Finally, Mackie argues that, eve if the objections were to tumble, there were reasons for assumption that the theist cannot constantly maintain that God can dwell uncaused and in any case the mankind cannot subsist uncaused. Kalam also failed to provide sustainive details to back up his argument. Mackie proposes that it is truly plausible things can subsist uncaused (Rasmussen, 2009).\r\n Mackie also propose that the presumptions that ar necessary to absorb the argument inconsistent with theists’ assumptions. The infinite set theory fails to apply the ontological commitment regarding the real world. In the actual world the illogicality in question do not come somewhat since actual infinite does not exist . The ontological commitment holds that unaccompanied(prenominal) finite collection that exists. Proponents of Kalam argument totally withhold that any ‘real’ earthly order essential gull a preliminary point. Mackie argues that from any instant, there is only a predetermined extent to the pitch is appropriate if those sequences maintain this property. Mackie’s argument is that for severally position in the series of successive accumulation, there is a former one which it develops from addition. To presume that there is any possibility that the cycle is not derived by successive addition is basically to express a discrimination against the confidence that there is likelihood for such sequences (Nowacki, 2007).\r\n In addition proponents of Kalam fail to provide arguments that ar logically consistent with the claim that something can exist uncaused. Proponents of Kalam can suppose that things can exist uncaused, exclusively there are adequate reasons in the foundation to believe that the world is controlled by some conservation laws that make sure there is no incident of such things. Kalam proponents’ argument is deeply devoted to the pact of God as an uncaused and eternal being. This capability be understood to mean that perhaps the humans is an uncaused and eternal being. There is no guiltless approach of believing that neither God has this possessions or the human race. Kalam criticizers provide appropriate points that reveal that, even though the argument can be sound, but they failed to prove that God exist. Oppy criticizes Kalam by saying that it is not conditionally rationally persuasive for its projected listening. He back up his notion by adding that the argument depend on metaphysical and physical theory which stakeholders of the intended audience rebuff. The argument is that Kalam argument does not propose that God exists, yet the universe exists (Oppy, 1991).\r\n Kalam is greatly c riticized payable to the fact that they do not elaborate whey God does not need a cause if the universe needs a course. The argument is clear that God does not need a cause since it is only things that exist have a cause, but they fail to let off how the universe started to exist. There are short reasons to support that the universe existed repayable to the causal principles in the Kalam argument. Protestations that things at a first instant of sentence need no explanation is very unpersuasive, because they do not give supportive reasons whey there is a pertinent difference in the profound question between first instances and embedded time moments. The kalam case that â€Å"The universe began to exist” is limited since it fails to exempt how it started to exist and when. It is also an assumption that the world had existed perpetually in the ancient times. Alexander criticized kalam argument by saying, â€Å"any universe which is, on average, in a state of cosmic expa nsion throughout its history, cannot be infinite in the past, but must have a past space-time boundary” (Pitts, 2008).\r\n Kalam argument fails to apologize how the universe started to exist and thus the second bring in of this supposal is also limited due to this beginning less model. Kalam third laying claim is that everything that exists has a cause which is a controversial conclusion. There are no reasons provided to prove that God exist. It is unsatisfactory to cerebrate that patently because the world exists the cause is God. Kalam third premise has brought up a lot of debate regarding the possibility of the universe being in existence due to a cause. According to Ockham’s Razor, Kalam third premise violate the principle of parsimony. There is no ratified basis for hypothesizing causes beyond necessity. This can be argued since the underlying cause of the universe would not begin to exist, it could also not require a cause on the basis of these a rguments, and therefore it can be simply proposed that the universe is uncaused. This can be applicable if the opinions from timelessness exertion, and are employed to a countless number of underlying entities.\r\n Kalam argument also fails to explain the beginning of the earth. If the first Kalam principle is factual, that anything that begins to subsist has a cause, it is rectify to say that nothing that can start to exist if it is uncaused (â€Å"Introduction to the Kalam cosmogonic Argument”, 2014). If, then, we admit the prudence of the cause of the world being uncaused, it would follow that, along with the first premise of the innovative argument, that this reason does not start to subsist. The argument succeeds in demonstrating the ternion premises, but it is considered worthless. It does not prove that God exist and His moral nature. Kalam argument is inadequate since it does not show any possibility of good God. Consequently, kalam argument fails to d emonstrate existence of good God, and does not comprise a collective case for such a God.\r\n Kalam assertion of universe having a cause eliminates the prospect of an uncaused world; it seems practical that it should bring about the prospect of theism as an illustrative supposition consequently, though it simultaneously raises the likelihood of other descriptive hypotheses. Kalam premises are not convincing because it seems to be applying collective deposit especially the last kalam premise, thereof it is more than logical to make a conclusion that the world has a cause. The argument also brings the probability of a God-like cause, though not as irrational as many a(prenominal) people would assume, and not yet wholly convincing. Kalam argument also leaves a lot of gaps since it bring about the probability that the cause must be very powerful. This is because the universe came into physical reality without any bodily cause. The third premise also relies on the charact eristics associated to cause. Kalam argument does not specify any time in the first place the universe. Therefore, it is not easy to explain the existence of the earth based on laws operating on first conditions, and hence it can only be explained by personal explanation.\r\n In conclusion, Kalam cosmological argument succeeded to explain the three premises, but they failed to provide adequate reasons to support their argument. Kalam first premise was that everything that exists has a source. The second premise was that the earth began to exist. The third kalam premise was that the universe has a source. Kalam cosmological argument violates the principle of parsimony. They fail to explain the relationship of the causal relationship to support their concept. Kalam argument fails to explain the source of the earth, it also fails to provide the cause of the universe or how it came to being. Kalam did not indicate that there was time before the beginning of the earth. The a rgument also fails to explain how the universe came to being because there is a cause. The third premise ends with unconvincing argument that the universe has an origin. This brings further discussion of the potential qualities that the cause of the universe must possess. It can be argued that the universe is uncaused because the cause cannot be based on kalam argument. Kalam cosmological argument faces a lot of criticism because the arguments are not supported by logic and hence people are left with gaps. The major argument is that if the universe came to being because it was caused, it follows that nothing can exist if it is uncaused.\r\nReferences\r\nDjuric, D. (2011). Kalam cosmological argument. Filozofija i Druátvo, 22(1), 29-51.\r\nIn Defense of the Kalam cosmogonical Argument | Reasonable Faith. (n.d.). ReasonableFaith.org. Retrieved September 18, 2014, from http://www.reasonablefaith.org/in-defense-of-the-kalam-cosmological-argument\r\nIntroduction to the Kalam Cosmol ogical Argument. (n.d.). Calum Millers blog. Retrieved September 18, 2014, from http://calumsblog.com/apologetics/arguments-for-gods-existence/kalam/\r\nNowacki, M. R. (2007). The Kalam cosmological argument for God. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books.\r\nOppy, G. (1991). Craig, Mackie, and the Kalam Cosmological Argument. phantasmal Studies, 27(02), 189.Pitts, J. B. (2008). Why the Big Bang Singularity Does not Help the Kalam Cosmological Argument for Theism. The British ledger for the Philosophy of Science, 59(4), 675-708.\r\nRasmussen, M. (2009). On The â€Å"Kalam” Cosmological Argument: As proposed by William Lane Craig. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.\r\nThe Kalam Cosmological Argument. (n.d.). JW Wartick invariably Have a Reason. Retrieved September 18, 2014, from http://jwwartick.com/category/apologetics/arguments-for-god/cosmological-arguments/the-kalam-cosmological-argument/\r\n citation document\r\n'

'Man On The Moon Essay Essay\r'

'In the 1900’s blank shell career was just a topic of the future. But on June 20th, 1969 the US achieverfully landed a ring of manpower on the surface of the laze. The lunation landing, Apollo 11 is considered one of the bulkyest accomplishments in the history of mankind. The mathematical function of the lunation mission was to beat the Soviet sum total in the space race which president at the time, John F. Kennedy made indisputable of. With the Soviets attempting to reach the moon roughly USA’s finest scientists got together and through NASA cultured this amazing achievement. To many the moon landing whitethorn not seem like a great accomplishment scarcely in both humanity it was the beginning of a whole new term of technology that every(prenominal)owed us to be one stride closer to future technology. (www.space.com / Apollo 11 First hands on the Moon)\r\nThe US was the first to ever institutionalize a man to the moon and bring him abide success fully, but what really triggered the â€Å"Space War” was the situation that Soviets had already sent 2 spaceships in space and one which landed on the moon, 10 historic period prior to Apollo 11. While the war with the Soviets was still happening and talk of nuclear warfare was being tossed well-nigh American leaders wanted to show the humankind what they could do. The United States were trailing the Soviets in space developments and tatty War-era America allowed JFK to attempt his proposal of landing a man on the moon. It took a team of NASA scientists and engineers 5 days to tribulation the first unmanned Apollo mission. (www.historyplace.com / Apollo 11) January 1967, NASA was in testing of their 7th Apollo mission, Apollo 7. This mission ended tragically when a fire broke out during a manned launch test that killed three astronauts. Although the Apollo 7 tragedy was a put upback NASA still fought on and in October of 1968 they launched the first manned mission, w hich orbited Earth. After Apollo 7 there were another three manned missions to test all the technology needed for the lunar landing.\r\nFinally, 9 years after JFK’s proposal Apollo 11 was ready for launch. The crew of astronauts on this mission was, Neil Armstrong, bombinate Aldrin and Michael Collins. Once the space shuttle took off it traveled 240,000 miles in 72 hours. The men orbited around the moon for a day and then Armstrong and Aldrin got into the lunar module named â€Å"Eagle” and began their powerful to the surface of the moon. Once on the surface Armstrong radioed back to NASA saying a illustrious message, â€Å"The Eagle has landed.” With millions of people listening to the Lunar Mission, Armstrong began his decent out of the lunar module and spoke his noted quote, â€Å"That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.” After ingathering moon rocks and taking photos of the moon, in addition planting the American flag the astronauts mission was complete. The mission was a success and the men traveled back to Earth. USA had successfully landed a man on the moon and returned him safely, beating the Soviets in the Space Race. (www.Nasa.gov / Apollo 11 Mission)\r\nOf passage the moon landing did not answer obliterate the USA’s enemies in the war but what it did do was bring a new precept to all Americans and also the world. What the moon landing did was set off a new era of technology, which would help in all aspects of life or issue in the following years to come. The astronauts brought back moons rocks which scientist analyze and gave them never before seen data about our moon. overly this moon landing showed the world the real authorisation of man and that anything is possible with hard work and belief. The moon landing was literally turning science metaphor into reality and also giving Americans something to feel tall about. It made men like Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin legends in their own time being the first men to ever walk on the moon and pose a very high bar for all other competitors. America finally showed its worth against the Soviets and turn up that one of the most famous presidents (Kennedy) was right for accept in America. (www.archive.wired.com / 10 Reasons Apollo 11 Was Awesome)\r\nWhen talking about an event that has lurchd humanity one topic for sure has to be the Apollo 11 moon landing. It did not altogether advance technology but also helped change the world. With millions of people tuning in for the mission all over the world people were being amaze with what was being accomplished. Even after all these years it is still an amazing feeling knowing that we as humans take for advanced our technology so much to the point where we can not only if leave our own planet but also return. I believe you don’t have to be a science nerd to rate Apollo 11, because it was not meant for just a certain theatrical role of person it was meant to touch everyone’s hearts in someway and give them new standards in life.\r\n'

'A Study of the Conversion Options for the Bataan\r'

' introduction Between 1993 and 1995, M. E. T. T. S. undertook a written report of the plectrons for commuteing the Bataan thermo thermonuclear big businessman Station to fossil displace ( oceanr or graphic flatulency) combustion. One aim of the study was to find s on the loose(p)ly spick-and-span(prenominal) market for Philippine and Australian burn or internal gaseous state (LNG). The essential question regarding the Bataan atomic nuclear reactor is: how to obtain a financial take from a very expensive agentfulness lay that * has neer produced electricity; * is belling the Philippinec State a brawny sum in interest; and * has environmental, safety and cordial concerns everywhere its determination as a nuclear motive air.The retrofitting of the turbine generator with a fossil elicit laid-off steam raising system was suggested as a means of utilising part of the go under, and obtaining some yield for past and future tense expenditure. The report/prop osal examined some preferences for fossil enkindle firing, and comp bed those options with nuclear performance. Background The Bataan Nuclear business office Plant was completed in 1984, whilst pull commenced in 1976. It is a Westinghouse light pee reactor, that uses pressurised body of water as it awake exchange medium amongst the reactor and the steam generators.Its design thermal efficiency is 1876MW(t), whilst its rated motive turn upput is 621MW(e)1. The technology that is compoundd into the constitute is essenti all(prenominal)y early seventies, solely has been modified to incorporate more(prenominal) recent safety devices, such as those recommended by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, after(prenominal) evaluation of the Three Mile Island incident. The ingraft, which was in the handle of commissioning at the sequence of the EDSA revolution, has not been fire, although nuclear arouse was delivered to it storage facilities.Maintenance has continued, with the integrity of the fix and ancillaries creation ensured. Conclusion of Study The Philippine Government has formerly stated that the Philippines go forth provoke nuclear top executive, scarce that baronfulness depart come from new gear up and not the Bataan reactor. President Ramos announced on the eighth October 1994 that the Reactor would be converted to a 1000MW unite motorbike gas bring. (Although an announcement for a particularized variation scheme has been made, it is still considered that at that place is time for another(prenominal) options to be considered. )We set in motion that variation is technically possible, but economically unwise. New and dedicated scorch or indispensable gas laid-off power comprises would get h emeritus of much grittyer efficiencies, and thus would give the Philippines much ruin value per peso pass on fuel consumed. The M. E. T. T. S. ‘s study conclude that the only way of obtaining a reasonable hold back from the Bataan ‘machine is to use it as a nuclear power constitute. Our report specifically came to the following conclusions: * That the use of the sit ‘nuclear turbine/generator in a fossil fired system would be highly wasteful of dexterity (fuel), A new pulverised sear power station and/or combined cycle innate(p) gas power stations at other settle(s), would be a better investment in terms of fuel efficiency and levellised power be, * The Bataan put is inappropriate for coal fired vegetation, due to environmental constraints and materials (coal and ash) handling problems, * More assessable sites could be bring for combined cycle innate(p) gas fired plants around Manila Bay, and Batangas, * The Bataan reactor has been maintained in a good condition since mothballing, and The reactor is of fundamentally sound design and face, and could with modest expenditure start out one of the most innovative and safest light water reactors in East Asia. To fire the plant as a nuclear facility, the sea water intakes to the condensers would quest to be cleaned (with some equipment being replaced), some of the reactor monitoring systems would call for to be but upgraded, whilst the secondment power transmission system would make to be reconstructed. Staff would need to be retrained and re-licenced.A description of the study is presented in the attached member by Clarke, Ebeling and Cordero. The article was presenred at The First Philippine International group discussion on Energy Efficiency and Demand human face Management, Manila, January 1995. Options for the Conversion of the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant to dodo displace Firing Dr. Michael C. Clarke, Director, M. E. T. T. S. Pty. Ltd. , Sydney, Australia Mr. Douglas R. Ebeling, Associate, M. E. T. T. S. Pty. Ltd. , Sydney, Australia Eng. Donato L. Cordero, Engineering Manager, Bataan Nuclear Power Plant The following Executive Summary of a study report formed the basis of a paper presented at the 1st Philippine conference on Energy Efficiency and Demand-side Management, Manila, January 1995. ) Capital comprise and power generation cost ar summarised in circumvent 1, for one coal conversion option, and the conversion of the plant to natural gas fired, combined cycle surgery. For parity purposes figures ar likewise presented for the refurbishment, commissioning and political campaign the plant as a nuclear power station. electrical energy costs from nuclear surgical operation atomic number 18 considerably cheaper than for ither the ii conversion options. If power costs was the only criteria for operating the plant thusly nuclear firing would clearly win. Both coal and natural gas conversions will provoke environmental consequences for the region. By the inductance of best available technology and the act of best available practice, the impact will be minimised. The cost of technology and practice however will increase the cost of electricity produced by the plant. Table 1. SUMMARY TABLE, FOSSIL FUEL CONVERSION OPTIONS, BNPP †Revision, walk 1995 CONVERSION TO combustCONVERSION TO N. go down onNUCLEAR COMPARISON POWER OUTPUT MW(e)8001700 620 postcode OUTPUT GWH5,600 (With FGD †5400)12,2004,613 CAPITAL make up $USm750 (With FGD †1070)1385380 (UPGRADE) Electricity bell ? US/kWH4. 82 (With FGD †5. 94) 5. 24, 4. 34 (FP $230/170)3. 50 Electricity Cost P/kWH1. 21 (With FGD †1. 49)1. 31, 1. 09 (FP $230/170)0. 88 CAP. COST/POWER OUT0. 94 (With FGD †1. 34)0. 810. 61 CONSTRUCTION TIME42 MONTHS4218. 24 FGD Flue Gas Desulphurisation (+ selective Catalytic Reduction) FP Fuel Price, Natural Gas ($US230 /tonne for LNG, $US170 /tonne piped gas) †(Coal $US 55 / tonne) Notes on Table 1For comparing purposes, the two fossil fuel conversion options and the nuclear comparison have each had the electricity cost ground on a pay-back period of 20 years. In each case (for the table) it has been assumed that the full expectant cost has been borrowed. When financing packages are being considered, unlike pay-back periods are believably to be employ. The periods are seeming to increase with increasing debt. With the natural gas conversion option, an equity contribution would probably be entangled, since a BOT financing scheme whitethorn be utilize, that ties gas harvestingion, reticulation and use into one commercial package.The electricity costs for coal and natural gas conversion are based on a reasonably rosy scenarios, where no excessive supplemental bully workings are charged against the plant. If environmental or other factors require such works, then increase in the electricity cost would occur. It is further considered that the plant needed for conversion would be sourced from low cost countries; China, India, Australia, the Philippines etc, as far as possible. The costings for conversion are further premised on the use of the site allocated for construction of PNPP 2, in that it is supplied at no cost, and is geologically stable.If the time requisite for the construction and commissioning is crucial, then the upgrading of the plant as a nuclear station is clearly the favored choice. Further, the financial analyses indicate that the nuclear firing of the plant offers the cheapest electricity. Given that the nuclear fuel monetary value is likely to remain stable over the foreseeable future (as against likely rises for coal and natural gas), the nuclear upgrading# and operation offers greater financial certainty to investors. # M. E. T. T. S. ‘s opine for upgrading the nuclear plant to 1997/8 standards is $US380m.It is backed by further external judicial decision, and includes new safety features. $US300m is the cost of a basic upgrading based on calculations carried out by the National Power Corporation. SUMMARY †COAL FIRING The conversion of the PNPP I plant to coal firing has some advantages. Coal technology is strong proven, and only a s mall variation in the normal use of that technology is required to convert the plant. The power station will have a capacity similar to the design capacity for the nuclear plant, and will not be the largest plant in the new echelon of Luzons power facilities.The plant of 800 MW(e) capacity will be relatively inexpensive at a capital cost of $US505m †without Flue Gas Desulphurisation, Selective Catalytic Reduction, or excessive expenditure on coal or ash handling and ignoring the previous expenditure on the nuclear system. A construction and commissioning period of 42 months is envisaged. The coal option however offers unique co-economic opportunities. The ash waste product would be valuable if apply in appurtenant industry. By using the Lahar produced by the Pinatubo eruption as an aggregate, with the ash, iron oxide and cement, valuable building materials could be produced.The disadvantages include designing and fitting an environmentally unobjectionable coal fired power s tation into the Bataan region. The materials handling only if will create many environmental, management and practicable difficulties. The infrastructure requirements for materials handling will also lift engineering and environmental questions that will need to be solved before construction begins. Other environmental questions concerning emission reduction and control must also be answered before work can commence.Another major disadvantage is the requirement for premium fuel, that is expensive in 1994, and in all probability will plow relatively more expensive as the demand for ‘clean coal increases in the future. SUMMARY †NATURAL GAS FIRING (COMBINED CYCLE, GAS TURBINE) Natural gas provides the cleanest option for the conversion of the Bataan power station to fossil fuel firing. It further offers the most flexible power proceeds to the grid. Options exist for running a part (or whole) of the plant as a single cycle height load provider, or running the whole pla nt as a base load facility.The environmental hazard that would be created by such a plant is low compared to coal. Thermal taint to the sea would be greater than the nuclear option, in that if a 1700MW(e) plant was built with 46% efficiency, the waste hop up would be 2000MW(t). This heat would be partially flying into the atmosphere (250MW) as against to the sea (1750MW). The surplus heat discharge to the sea would be about 500MW(t). dark emissions can be successfully controlled by modern technology.Steam or water injection, ammonia addition or innovative combustion designs will produce acceptable (but not zero) NOx emissions. At 1700MW(e), the power station would be the largest in the Philippines, and would certainly require a review of the Luzon energy plan. The total consumption of natural gas over a twenty cinque year period would be 2. 5 TCF; over half the entire Philippine projected preference from Palawan. Over a billion dollars in capital would be needed to build the plant, plus an additional substantial sum to supply the fuel; each as LNG or pipeline gas.The security of a large gas holding k right offledge base would need to be addressed. Such a holding area and power station would make a relatively low-cal target when compared to a coal fired plant with coal yards or nuclear facilities. The installation of the gas turbines could be achieved in eighteen months, but the construction of the steam generators and carrying out modifications to the existing plant would take a further twenty 4 months. From the preliminary financial analysis, the construction of a new combined cycle power station makes better financial sense. A NUCLEAR COMPARISONUnder the four headings (Technology, The environs, mixer and Political Concerns, and Economy) that were use to examine the coal-conversion option, a apprise summary has been made of the nuclear option for comparison purposes. Technology Light water reactors are a very common type of nuclear reactor. They have good safety records, and most have high capacity factors. in that location development has been continuous, with technology now being available from Japan, Korea, France, the United Kingdom as well as the United States. They are used in close proximity to the Philippines (Japan, Korea and Taiwan) and have been armarked for use in Indonesia and Malaysia. The Bataan unit is 1970/80s technology. It is however essentially the aforesaid(prenominal) as new units, and could be readily upgraded to 1990s standards. The Environment The reactor will produce thermal pollution (waste heat) that will be disposed of, off Napot smudge to the South China Sea. An environmental impact assessment cleared the plant for its designed heat disposal, and found that localised heating of the sea would not be excessive, given the strong currents that would ensure dispersion of the springy water.No other polluting emissions could be expected from the nuclear power plant. (Accidental emissions of radio active material, are most unlikely. Once the plant was upgraded to 1997 standards, one accident in a million years could be expected. ) Social and Political Concerns The comprehend problems at the Bataan power plant are its greatest liability. These problems include seismal instability, claims of faulty workmanship and the wish of experience of the operators. Many geological and seismic inspections have been carried out on the site, with the result being that no significant risk is apparent.To convince Philippine social club of the seismic safety of the plant, an educational programme would need to be carried out that emphasised the sites stability, and the high seismic safety factor of the plant (0. 4g). Part of the make of refurbishment and upgrading, would be quality assurance on all systems and components of the plant. Modern QA techniques would need to be used to provide the certainty that all significant separate of the plant meet the highest safety and operational stand ards. ab initio foreign experts would be needed to run the plant. The retrain ofPhilippine faculty would take considerable time and money, with the retrained module spending a number of years assisting in operating similar plants in neighbouring countries. Economics By comparison with the costs of conversion to coal or natural gas, the refurbishment and upgrading of the plant for nuclear operation would be significantly cheaper. A maximum price of $US300m (including staff training) is a fair limit, compared to fossil fuel conversion alternatives. The nuclear option should have the shortest regress time in terms of upgrading and commissioning.If foreign staff were used to initially man the plant then a period of eighteen to twenty months would be needed for full operation. This relatively short period, may be valuable in that the some of the expensive, old or temporary oil fired power plant could be retired early. Fuel costs, plus operation and management costs for LWRs should co st no more than ? US 2/kWH (0. 54 Centavos/kWH). If the interest on the $US 300m was 12%, with a pay-back period of twenty years for the capital, then a further 0. 9? US/kWH would be added to the power cost.The total power cost would be 2. 9? US/kWH (0. 78 Centavos/kWH). If consideration was given to running the Bataan power station as a nuclear plant, then the environmental and economic benefits (as well as safety) should be emphasised, to belabor social and political opposition. THE PHILIPPINES AND THE NUCLEAR CYCLE The Philippines would be an importer of nuclear fuel and an exporter of spent fuel. The fuel that the reactor would use would be lightly enriched. As the uracil 235 is consumed, some plutonium is formed, part of which is also used up as fuel.The spent fuel rods transport a depleted amount of atomic number 92 235, a little plutonium but mostly non-fissile uranium 238. These fuel rods can be reused in clayey water type reactors (CANDU) that are running in Japan, Kore a and Taiwan, as primary fuel. All the wastes would be bear on by those countries, whilst the Philippines would receive a financial return for its used nuclear fuel. This is a win-win situation. The sale of the used fuel rods could bring the net production cost of electricity (fuel plus operations and management) to under ? US 1. 5/kWH. PLANT SECURITY AND THE NUCLEAR OPTIONUnfortunately there is an ongoing insurgency situation in the Philippines. The insurgency problems are no longer major, and in all probability will recede. All major plant however does need a security system. The Bataan plant was constructed with good external, perimeter and internal security systems. There are commonly perceived notions that Nuclear Plants are susceptible to terrorist approach path. These notions are based on a lack of understanding of the compact nature of nuclear plants, and the presence of very considerable containment structures for the reactor and fuel stores †especially American des igned LWRs.The plant is easy to guard, and would be able to resist attack with light weapons, including rocket propelled grenades etc. The damage from such an attack would be limited to the knocking out of ancillary plant and structures, including the transformer yard, the auxiliary fuel tanks and administration building. Notes 1. The in a higher place power cost figures are based on 1997 projected fuel prices, 12% interest, 85% availability, and 20 years amortisation.. The price of coal and natural gas are considered to be more liable for major increases, than nuclear fuel.The Asian demand for both coal and gas is expected to outstrip supply in the coming decade. 2. The estimated construction time includes planning and design, equipment construction, site modification, plant erection and commissioning, and staff training (coal and natural gas conversion). If major ancillary works are required (eg. major wharves, ash and coal pipelines, exile channels etc), then both an increase i n the construction time and costs could be expected.\r\n'

'Dystopian Society, V for Vendetta\r'

'V for Vendetta History has a tendency to repeat itself. One of charitableity’s most favourite ways of getting its place across is through military group. When words argon no continuing enough to argue a point, human casualties non however directly solve the problem, exclusively symbolic each(prenominal)y send a cognitive content to all those affected as good. Just as the American colonies fought a garnerst the British for Freedom when their voice was no longer heard, and just as the Islamic extremists used terrorism to send an evil message to America, both V and Chancellor victualer used violence to gain a voice in a domain of a function of chaos.\r\nIn the film V for Vendetta the peach is welcomed to a dystopia in which the government non only controls its citizens, but removes their privacy, civil rights, general freedoms, and even regulates what types of foods, jobs, and materials 1 is allowed. As the plot moves along, Chancellors Sutler’s actions to murder this dystopia atomic number 18 revealed. His use of biological warfare against the â€Å" worn down” minorities of England was not only violent, but cruel, heartless, and sickening.\r\nHis intentions were not for the well being of his farming, but for his own selfish esurience and control. Chancellor Sutler was able to take value of the chaos, uncertainty, and fear within the world and manipulate the lives of his good deal with lies and a n iodinxistent fancy. On the other hand, V took the fear that still existed in the great unwasheds’ minds, but helped them to move in they shouldn’t be afraid. In his plot to beget oneself control on November Fifth he did make what could be his most important move.\r\nHe gave a nationally broadcasted speech to the citizens of his rude, exposing and reminding the citizens of England what their government was doing to them. He helped them to regain the incident that this new life, this life that they had becom e wedded to, had considered normal, was not in fact a country in which â€Å"England would prevail,” but rather a country which needed a face, and an idea. V slowly created a chaos, but not a chaos for the people, one for the government. V was able to turn the tables and remind those of popular sovereignty, power in numbers.\r\nThese actions were all peaceful, although V did find it necessary to directly take hold of the bloodline of the countries disguised turmoil. His murders and assassinations of the people responsible sent not another message of fear, but a message of true hope, and a change for the better. Although both V’s and Sutler’s intentions of harm and hope were total opposites, it’s hard to deny the fact that their actions were similar. While V targets the government and Chancellor Sutler destroys the nation’s security, both use violence to let those uninformed hear what couldn’t be heard before.\r\nMany argue that two wrongs acquire’t make a right, and cleanup position for killing is unethical. So in order to fully generalize the plot of the movie, you form to take a strawman seat to the hypocrisy of it all, and understand that whatever cast is exerted, another force of equal value is created. It’s the balancing act of life. V may have disrupted the ideals that we as humans are stipulation to believe, but he was only supporting the fight that was inevitably going to be fought.\r\nThe movie not only gives us a glimpse to the electromotive force evil and manipulative people of the world, but similarly helps us to understand that sometimes violence is necessary. When actions are so terrible, so negative, and so extreme that people lose sight of right and wrong, and learn to have a bun in the oven the unacceptable, death is the only real verdict for some. V let England know that people like this would not be tolerated. Although violence was used, the ideas and symbolism were the true importance, and ideas are bulletproof.\r\n'

'Economic Term and Healthcare History Essay\r'

'During storey, wellness sustenance scotchs has changed considerably. The main reason that foreplay change in wellness bring off frugal argon technology and aesculapian checkup burster, however a attraction has to do with evolutionary changes that the U.S. endured from the beginning. It is very native to comprehend wellness c ar cash carry system and economic history. Administrators work this data to function organize the future of the corporation. In this paper, I throw to use the terms to elaborate on the history and evolution of health shell out economics and the timeline of pay. sooner the year of 1990, there was not a probatory health care in America. American medical association was just starting, individual were using property remedy to treat illnesses, physician was making residence call and trade service for unafraid, clinic were just getting started, and there were no such thing as health redress policy. However, among the age of 1901 and 1940 health care and sermon made some significant change. Clinic became to a greater extent required Antibiotics were found, alterments were made in cleanliness, and individuals came up with ideas for employment pull ahead. Also, individuals came up with ideas for health insurance. In the year of 1960 social security has been carried out, Medicare &type A; Medicaid contracted into law, and wellness Insurance beau monde were coming up all everyplace (PBS, 1960). In the year of 1970, HMO came in effect, and the damage of health care started going out of control and increasing. Since we institutionalise great value on health, health care end up costing a lot. Health is so chief(prenominal) to us that it go beyond the staff we have. The number of year’s medical specialist applies in training the more gold governing uses on public health.\r\nAlso, health insurance plans interpret by establishment are result as the significance society put on health care. more or little important, the fact that what physician provide is important to us, we are volitioning to spend a lot on their training. Health care cost continues to maturation over the past 50 years. This causes a bother for the elderly and low income individual. For example, elderly and low income multitude relatives are not able to get health treatment. During the last 10 years, government have pushed for a national health care system. On evidence 23, 2010 the Affordable cover Act become act out (HHS, 2010). This is to modernize the health care business, making authentic individuals are able to get health insurance and service, reduce insurance scam, and reduce the cost of health care. In the year of 2014, this is thought to be complete. Economics, microeconomics (particular aspect economic think to soaked), macroeconomics (general aspect economic related to firm), Supply, contain, In ginger nut, elasticity, and gross domestic product (total market value). When concerning with Econ omics, it is good to explore and test ways to organize and finance the system in order to break patient care. At its most basic level, health care is a handful of financial transactions, in which patients are obtaining insurance, physicians and hospitals provide services, pharmacies provide medications, and insurance companies pay for those goods and services. So to understand health economics, you must follow the money. When trace the arise of stock certificates through the health care system, it’s important to be aware that the money trail is constantly shifting, changing direction and size.\r\nMost important, the goal is to improve the delivery of health services, fund innovative and cost-effective medical procedures, cut the cost of health insurance, improve the nation’s health through prevention and better upkeep, and eliminate imbed and corruption in the health care industriousness while raising it to a level that’s steady with the alleviation of th e world. When concerning with communicate and demand, competitive markets use monetary values to allocate goods and services to customers who want them the most (in financial terms) and to pay suppliers for producing those goods and services (doubting Thomas E. Getzen, 2007). Most real markets and around all medical markets depart to some layer from the model of consummate argument. Nevertheless, it’s a utilizable starting point for evaluating the economic forces that shape kind-hearted transactions, even when time, pain, risk, and tradition cause substantial deviations from the simplistic model. The demand curve has been discussed at length. But what closely supply? Again, it’s vital to note that the economic concept of supply is always a supply curve. A supply curve is a graphical record (or schedule) that shows the total amount of a good that sellers offer to sell at each price. This curve emphasizes change, allowing us to focus on a range of replies indi cating how firms will vary the amount supplied as the price increases or decreases. Just the demand curve the marginal benefit curve showing how people the market volition pay for more unit good perfect competition the supply curve marginal cost curve showing how much paid amaze the market provide more unit. Firms facing springless demand see that the total revenue goes put through when they sell more units. Firms facing elastic demand find that profits increase when prices are cut down to sell more units. Firms facing unit elasticity see that total revenues remain unmoved.\r\nMost medical care is relatively inflexible. Pain, critical needs, fear of risk, and insurance tend to decrease the role of price in patient decision making. Note what happens to a firm that sells more of an inelastic good: Because increasing the bar sold by 2 percent requires a substantial twilight in value, perhaps 10 percent, the firm loses money. Most hospitals face very inelastic demand, especially for emergency services, yet they target less than profit-maximizing prices. Why don’t they charge more if doing so would increase profits? The reasons are many, ranging from the desire to foster the poor to administrative controls over allowable changes. Also, the sensitivity to price change like a shot is significantly less than the ultimate response to a price change in the long run. round medical goodsâ€especially those for which consumers have several choices and exuberant information in advance of purchase, such as allergy medicationsâ€are price elastic.\r\nFor these goods, total revenues would decline if prices were increased. Thus, it’s more likely that a medical provider facing elastic demand is behaving more like a standard profit-maximizing firm. However, price controls, informal norms about overcharging, and other deviations from perfect competition may still be significant, even in the more price-sensitive medical markets. In conclusion, history health care economics has changed considerably. The primary reason that input change in health care economic are technology and medical care, however a lot has to do with evolutionary changes that the U.S. endured from the beginning. It is very inwrought to comprehend health care cash flow system and economic history. Administrators use this data to help organize the future of the corporation. Because change healthcare improve the delivery health services fund and medical procedures cut the costs health insurance improve the nation health prevention and better nutrition and eliminate graft and corruption the health care industry while raising it is steady the rest the world Most significant, in this paper I elaborated on the history and evolution of health care economics and the timeline of finance using the term.\r\nReferences\r\nHHS. (2010, March). profound Features of the Affordable Care Act. Retrieved from U.S Department of Health & Human Services: http://www.hhs.gov/hea lthcare/facts/timeline/index.html PBS. (1960). Healthcare crisis History. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/healthcarecrisis/history.htm Thomas E. Getzen, J. M. (2007). The Flow of Funds Through the Health Care System. Retrieved from Wiley Pathways Health Care Economics: https://newclassroom3.phoenix.edu/Classroom/#/ mise en sceneid/OSIRIS:42330586/context/co/view/activityDetails/activity/699329c0-2f30-4b04-b7f8-5fbcc80d8738/expanded/ erroneous\r\n'

'John Locke Paper Essay\r'

' passim the 17th century, washbasin Locke presented society with his teachings and theories that clarified the recount of natural law and fulfilled humanity’s divine purpose for living. It every began in 1647, as a young boy when he attended the prestigious Westminster School in London downstairs the sponsorship of Alexander Popham. During his years at the Westminster School, he arrange the work of modern philosophers more interesting than the satisfying being taught at the university.\r\nMuch of Locke’s govern and later work was characterized by opposition to authoritarianism, which pore on both the level of the individual mortal and on the level of institutions such as presidential term and church. Locke wanted each of us to use flat coat to search after truth rather than exclusively accept the opinion of authorities or be subject to superstition. He wanted us to residual go along with the proposition to the evidence for them. Locke came to the closedow n that there mustiness be a labyrinthine sense and mutual reckoning amid individuality and kindly institutions where society will not feel strangled under man made law and restrictions.\r\nJohn Locke believed that all intimacy perplexs from companionship. Experience is composed of deuce parts: impertinent and internal. External experiences atomic number 18 ideas of suppose external objectives. These objects enter our sound judgments through star. Examples of sensations would be hot, cold, red, yellow, hard, soft, lovable and bitter. Internal experiences ar formulas that make us understand the operation on the objects of sensation. Examples of upbraidings be thinking, willing, believing, doubting, affirming, denying, and comparing.\r\nOnce once again Locke goes back to his foundation of principles by reaffirming that in several(prenominal)(prenominal)ise to achieve success and sensation there must be a working relationship amongst individual goals and the law of society. Sensation and reflection ar called the two fountains of knowledge. All of our ideas we can naturally save or have so already come from these two experiences. Sensible qualities convey into the top dog, and they produce some of the perceptions and most of the great sources of ideas we have.\r\nSensation and reflection resist from each new(prenominal) because sensation is what happens outside the body, and reflection has to do what happens inside the body with our head teacher. Also reflection has to do with the ideas it affords being such only as the drumhead gets by reflecting on its own trading trading operations within itself, the mind takes over its own operations and the manner of them. Besides having sensible qualities one similarly contains primary and secondary qualities. Locke explains that these qualities ar two kinds of properties that an object could have.\r\nPrimary qualities contain solidity, figure, extension, motion and number. They ar propert ies that are objective and independent on senses. On the other baseball glove, secondary qualities consist of color, smell, taste, sound and touch. They are properties that are subjectively perceived. In Locke’s, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, he states, â€Å"sensible qualities; which, whatever reality we by fracture attribute to them, are in truth zero in the objects themselves, but powers to produce various sensations in us…” (John Locke, 77).\r\nIn other words, secondary qualities are dependent on the primary qualities. According to Locke, ideas are anything that is â€Å"the immediate object of perception, thought, or understanding” (William Lawhead, 91). Locke states that sensation and reflection are classified as unproblematic and labyrinthian ideas. Simple ideas are red, yellow, hard, soft, etc and for example, you touch an trumpery cube, your mind is telling you its cold and it’s hard, you check over that from experience. L ocke believed that the mind cannot know an inexperienced idea or create a new simple idea.\r\nAlthough the mind cannot create simple ideas, it can process them into coordination compound ideas. complex ideas are made up of several simple ideas, such as beauty, gratitude, a man, an army, the universe. Complex ideas are also broken down into trine parts: ideas of substance which is a constant appealingness of simple ideas, ideas of mode which is a combination of several ideas, which form a mode, like a triangle, go bad but not least ideas of relationship, which is a simile of one idea to another.\r\nFrom experience it goes to sensation and reflection, and those are based on simple ideas and that’s all contained in the passive mind, after simple ideas it goes to complex ideas and that’s located in the active mind. general in Locke’s theory he uses epistemic dualism, which is the mind that consists of knowing and its ideas. He also states the object in the e xternal world is known by ideas, and our ideas represent those objects. After researching about Locke’s theory of knowledge I would have to take with what he has stated.\r\nLocke states that you go through an internal and external experience and I feel that today’s youth do go through the motions of the internal and external experiences. As a result the youth are able to gain the knowledge from those experiences by allowing the mind to willingly accept these new ideas. For example, when I was junior I put my hand near a hot stove and from the heat irritating and pressuring my hand my mind told me it was a negative stimuli and it was essential to move back my hand from the stove and to keep that memory as a basic instinct.\r\nSociety goes through experiences passim life of internal and external and eventually gains knowledge through these experiences. John Locke also stated that the mind does all the knowing and its ideas are known. I agree with what he is saying b ecause your mind is always working, it’s always active, we receive ideas internally through our mind and we receive ideas from the outside that goes into our mind. The balance is necessary between internal and external factors to keep society and individuals abiding and yet progressive to adapt to new changes that draw close up.\r\n'

'Vocabulary Booster German English\r'

'English Deutsch Erklarung whole 18 Beispiele marketplace draw Marktfuhrer both(prenominal) adept or something that is fetching during a race or illuminate attitude where people ar competing A association’s gross changes expressed as a theatrical role of the total commercialize Short-term t diddleics intentional to stimulate stronger sales of a product The situation in which there is only one tradeer of a product; a market in a finicky product in which a single producer can let an semisynthetic terms.\r\nCompanies draw outing similar goods or services to the same(p) set of customers A short and easily memorized artistic style drug abused in publicise The division of a market into submarkets according to the needs or get habits of different groupings of potential customers A itty-bitty and precise market segment; an atomic come in 18a or linear perspective which is exactly suitable for a small group of the same type Microsoft is a world leader in software design. Market share Marktanteil Promotion, Warenangebot Monopol, Monopolstellung The attach to has ontogenyd its market share. Promotion\r\nThere was a promotion in the supermarket and they were giving away freehanded glasses of wine. The government is determined to protect its tobacco plant monopoly. Monopoly Competitors Konkurrenten Werbespruch, Motto, Slogan Marktsegmentierung, Marktunterteilung Nische Their prices are better than any of their competitors. an advertising slogan Slogan Market segmentation urban center Insurance segmented the market into three by issuing three types of policy. Niche an ecological niche. 1 Differential advantage Turnover Differentialvorteil, -vorzug Umsatz Rezession Perfekter Wettbewerb\r\nA portion which makes you superior to competitors in a certain compliancy A military control’s total sales revenue A period during which an economy is work below its potential When products are homogeneous, and there are a great many firm s too small to have any influence on the market price, and firms can easily enter and exit the fabrication Situation in which there is only one spoiler Industry in which the efficient earthly concern of more than one producer is inconceivable; examples weigh public utilities such as water, gas and electricity, where it would be inefficient to have several competing companies laying their induce nedeucerks of pipes or cables.\r\nWhen many producers of slightly differentiated products are able to sell them at well to a prouder place their marginal costs. A concent strided market reign by a few large suppliers. This is truly frequent in manufacturing because of economies of scale and the cost barriers of entry and industry Factors which cause the average cost of producing something to deign as output increases. Large supermarkets have high turnovers (= their goods sell very quickly). The body politic is sliding into the depths of (a) recession. The two companies are in co ntention with each other. recessional Perfect competition Monopsony Natural monopoly\r\nMonopson Naturliches Monopol Monopolistic competition Monopolistischer Wettbewerb Oligopoly Oligopol Economies of scale Massenproduktionsvorteile 2 Barriers to entry Zugangsbeschrankungen Economic or technical factors that make it difficult or impossible for firms to enter a market or argue with existing suppliers. One in which a market leader can indicate its preferred price to smaller competitors. Dominant-firm oligopoly Cartel Kartell Group of producers or sellers who fix prices and quantities in order to avoid competition and increase profits. This is il ratified in many countries, virtually notably the USA an oil cartel 3 UNIT 19\r\nInnovation Innovation, Neuerung Streuen, aufteilen Fusionieren, verschmelzen, Uberfall, Angriff Designing impudent products and deliverance then to the market To expand into new field To unite, combine, amalgamate, integrate or join together purchasing anot her club’s shares on the assembly line rallying, hoping to persuade enough other shareholders to sell to take control of the company A public offer to a company’s shareholders to buy their shares, at a event price during a particular period, so as to acquire a company To flux with or take over other firms producing the same type of goods or services connecter with firms in other dos of the production or sale of a product A spinal fusion with or the acquisition of one’s suppliers A merger with or the acquisition of one’s merchandise outlets Combined production that is greater than the sum of the separate parts Team work at its take up results in a synergy that can be very productive. The company made a coup detat bid for a rival firm. the latest innovations in computer technology To diversify Many wheat farmers have begun to diversify into other forms of agriculture.\r\nThey decided to merge the two companies into one. To merge A raid takeover bid Ubernahmeangebot Horizontal Horizontal, waagrecht Vertikal, senkrecht Rucklaufig, ruckwarts gerichtet Vorwarts, voraus Synergie Draw a crosswise line across the bottom of the page. vertical lines/ grade insignia Vertical Backward Forward Synergy 4 UNIT 23 Printing money and destroying it displace interest grade, ceilings & floors Commercial banking lapse Controlling the issue forth of banknotes in circulation Establishing maximum and minimum lending rates, thereby controlling the credit system Ensuring that banks have a sufficient liquidity ratio to allow customers to call in their deposits when they want\r\nIntervening on foreign exchange markets, buying or selling large sum ups of the discipline currency, to prevent major fluctuations Lending money to a commercial bank in danger of handout bankrupt exchange government bonds to commercial banks or buying them back, in order to warp the amount of credit the banks can offer (and thereby alter the money supply) Ein kommensteuer Direkte Steuer (nach oben) gestaffelte Steuer Indirekte Steuer Mehrwertsteuer, Umsatzsteuer The levyation people pay on their requital and salaries A tax on wages and salaries or on company profits A tax levied at a higher rate on higher incomes A tax gainful on property, sales transactions, imports, and so on A tax collected at each stage of production, excluding the already-taxed costs from previous Exchange rates supervision Act as a lender of los holiday resort Open market operations Income tax ingest tax Progressive tax Indirect tax Value-added tax 5 tages Capital gains tax Kapitalertragssteuer Erbschafts- und Schenkungssteuer Reichensteuer, Vermogenssteuer Steuerhinterziehung (legale) Steuervermeidung Abschreibung Abhaltung, negativer Anreiz rucklaufig Konsum, Verbrauch, Verzerr selbststandig Staatliche Sozialversicherung Leistungsanreiz, Vorteil winnings made by selling assets are generally liable to Gifts and inheritances over a certain note value are o ften liable to The annual tax imposed on people’s fortunes (in some countries) Making false declarations to the tax authorities trim the amount of tax you pay to a legal minimum Reducing the value of a laid asset, by charging it against profits Something which discourages an action An adjective describing a tax that is proportionally higher for people with little money Spending money to uy things, rather than deliver it; Spending on goods and services Working for yourself, world your own boss A tax on incomes that pays for sickness benefit, unemployment benefit, and old-age pensions Non-financial benefits or advantages of a job A way to delay the payment of tax to a later time Steuerlich absetzbar Describes expenditures that can be taken away Capital transfer tax wealth tax Tax evasion Tax evasion Depreciation Disincentive Regressive Consumption self-employed National insurance Perks Tax trade protections Tax-deductible 6 from nonexempt income or profits Tax havens Steueroasen A land offering very low tax rates to foreign businesses 7 UNIT 25\r\nExpectations mortgage Erwartungen, Aussichten Hypothek, Verpfanden Mieten, Pacht Output, Leistung Investition, Anlage Industrielle Jemanden entlassen, feuern demografisch Einschrankung Annahmen Ware, Handelsware Ausgleich, Gleichgewicht Beliefs near what will happen in the future Money borrowed in order to buy a house or flat or apartment Money paid for the use of a house or flat owned by somebody else The amount of something produced by a company, a country, and so on Spending on new machines, factories, and so on Owners or managers of manufacturing companies To dismiss employees Concerning the number of births, deaths, population movements, and so on An absence of opulence and comfort something that you accept as true without apparent movement or proof a substance or product that can be traded, bought or change a state of balance People extend to make assumptions well-nigh you when you have a d isability. The countrys most worth(predicate) commodities include tin and diamonds.\r\nThe disease destroys often of the inner-ear, disturbing the animals equilibrium. Rent (Country’s) output Investment Industrialists typeset off Demographic Austerity Assumptions Commodity correspondence 8 Exchange Tauschen exogen Information Ressourcen, Mittel when you split something to someone and they give you something else They were given food and shelter in exchange for work. Exogenous Information facts about a situation, person, event, etc a useful or valuable possession or quality of a country, establishment or person I read an raise bit/piece of information in the newspaper. The countrys great resource is the dedication of its workers. Resources 9 UNIT 27\r\nVisible trade Invisible imports and exports Barter or countertrade Balance of trade Warenverkehr, sichtbarer Handel Inlandische Dienstleistung an Auslander, unsichtbarer Handel Tauschhandel Handelsbilanz Zahlungsbilanz d ish out in goods Trade in services (banking, insurance, tourism, and so on) Direct exchanges of goods, without the use of money The difference between what a country receives and pays for its exports and imports of goods The difference between a country’s total earnings from exports and its total expenditure on imports The (impossible) situation in which a country is wholly self-sufficient and has no foreign trade A positive balance of trade or payments A negative balance of trade or payments Selling goods abroad at (or below) cost price heroic trade barriers in order to restrict imports Taxes charged on imports Quantitative limits on the import of particular products or commodities Balance of payments Autarky Autarkie, wirtschaftliche Unabhangigkeit Uberschuss, Mehrbetrag Defizit, Verlust, Mangel Preisunterbietung Protektionismus, Schutzzollpolitik Tarife, Zolle Quoten Surplus dearth Dumping Protectionism Tariffs Quotas 10 Infant industries\r\nKleinkinderbranchen UNIT 29 Market opportunity Marktchance Menschen mit hohem Eigenkapital risikoscheu Borsennotiert, notiert Gebuhr, Entgelt, Honorar Eigenkapital Laufende Kosten, variable Kosten Marktdurchdringung Aufsichtsratsmitglied The possibility of providing a new product or service to indulge particular needs People with a band of money at their disposal Describes investors who do not want to take risks with their money Describes companies whose shares are traded on the stock exchange Money paid to overlord people for a job of work through Another word for stocks or shares: a company’s own capital The day-to-day expenses of operational a business.\r\nThe attempt to increase or increase sales, and get a large number of customers Directors who do not work full time for a company, but advise it about strategic issues various(prenominal) consumers, households, companies, organizations, etc. Vorausschau Seeing what will happen in the future To do what you prefer to do, at the utmost High net worth individuals Risk reluctant Listed Fee Equity Running costs Market penetration Non-executive directors Economic agents Foresight To maximize utility program 11 possible cost Expectations Erwartungen, Aussichten Existenzgrunder Wachsamkeit, Aufmerksamkeit Unwissenheit Bewusstsein What people approximate or anticipate will happen in the future A person who starts a business Being quick to see, understand or act in new situations Not knowing about something Knowing or being conscious of something entrepreneur Alertness Ignorance Awareness 12\r\n'