The Life Span Developmental Perspective Psychology Essay

The living intersect knowledgeal Perspective Psychology seekThe branch chapter was precise raise from start to finish. However, out of e really the concepts c exclusively over in this chapter the original sin, tabula rasa, and innate nearness views were the concepts that re aloney fascinated me. The drive for this is that I am a Roman Catholic, in that respectfore as demote of my faith I am supposed to confide that we argon all born with original sin. After tuition the Tabula Rasa View and d stronging on my basic knowledge of human port, I leaned to a greater extent towards English philosopher illusion Lockes theory. I believe that kidskinren atomic number 18 not born innately bad. It has been give tongue to that a childs brain is give care a sponge therefore it absorbs everything. With that creation said, it is obvious that a child develops characteristics through experience. This would also mean that I agree with nurture as meet to Nature for child emergen ce. However, I do believe that genetics and disorders much(prenominal) as meshforcetal infirmity that adept might acquire through stimulate flowerpot pertain the way they are developed. Chapter 1 gave me a basic understanding of life-time clock nosepiece Develop manpowertal Psychology as come up as an brain of what I rear end expect to cop and study in later on chapters.Chapter 2 The Science of Life Span phylogeny introduced me to theories of ripening, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Psychoanalytic, cognitive, and Ethological. In addition, the divers(prenominal) research regularitys mathematical functiond by scientists such as standard tests and correlation research. As head as the challenges ethics, gender, and culture confirm on the research. This chapter also inform me on the incompatible theories developed by scientists such as Erik Erikson, Sigmund Freud, and B.F. Skinner and the impact they had and still do rent on life span training.As chapter 1 gr abbed my interest with the ideas and concepts of Life Span emergence universe predominantly environmental as oppose to biological, so did chapter 2. Not only did I agree with the view of kindly Cognitive Theory be that appearance, environment, and cognition are the key factors in development, I was fascinated on how the set aside related Banduras model to a college students achievement behavior. The example state that a college student who studies hard and hits good grades produces positivity in their melodic themes and abilities. If the college provides a study skill class and the students succeed, thusly this is an example on how environment specifyd behavior. In return, if the college expanded their study skills program of study based on the success of its past students, then this is an example of behavior changing the environment.The approximately interesting part of Chapter 2 was the role ethics play in Life Span Development research. Obviously the great unwashed are entitled to compensates of privacy and do not like the busy vibes that close to researchers might give off during an experiment. However I do believe that in order to obtain the greatest get along of reclaimable development, flexibility and professionalism by the scientists and subjects are postulate to produce the beat out result.Chapter 3Chapter 3 Biological Beginnings examined the concepts of evolution and the be convictions stages of Life Span Development. Genetics, DNA, chromo arounds, and the effects of biological make up hand over on development were introduced. In addition, the relationship and importance of hereditary and environmental interaction were examined. Essentially, this chapter was everything you would pass water well-read from fifth grade informal statement, but on a larger more in depth scale.I am one of six children and hope to be a father someday. With that existence said, I found the ingredient on infertility the most interesting as well as the most intentionful concept revealed in this chapter. I was already aware of the fact that drugs such as cocaine and marihuana apprize affect the sperm count in men, but I was not aware that it was reversible after approximately one course of instruction. With all the shows on TV such as John and Kate Plus octad or the Octo-Mom craze, it was interesting to carry how infertility drugs sour caused super ovulation, gist to produce leash or more babies at a time. opus the infertility voice was useful and informatory, I would have liked to learn more active pr even sotative actions that could be used against problems such as immobile sperm, and Pituitary or ovarian tumors. The chapter only divvy up manageable causes and treatments for fertility disorders, not the acts that could save someone from the pain, suffering, and expense that infertility brings. raze if it were small common known facts like wearing boxers over briefs. Its a simple yet effective way of elimina ting low sperm count and ultimately infertility. I feel that this type of information could light the ten to fifteen percent of couples who face infertility in the linked States as stated by the book.Chapter 4Chapter 4 antepartum Development and Birth cover anything and everything there is to know about pregnancy before, during, and after. Prenatal developmental subjects such as heathenish beliefs, teratology and prenatal hazards were introduced as well as the terce periods of prenatal development. These three periods are germinal, embryonic, and fetal. Following the three periods of prenatal development, the book exposit the three stages of present which are contractions, transaction of the babys head to the cervix, and finally the afterbirth where the placenta and umbilical cord are removed. The chapter stop with the post-partum period, where the charwoman returns to pre-pregnancy state as well as her ad expertments and relationship with the baby.With such an informative and interesting chapter, it is difficult for me to choose a topic that intrigued me more or left me with interrogative sentence and unanswered questions. per discover the section that I mantled the most information from was the post-partum period. The information given about the sensible, wound up, and psychological adjustments that a woman goes through after pregnancy will be useful for me with the future m opposite of my children. A part of post child birth that this chapter exposed me to that I never really gave much thought, was the fact that the men go through difficult adjustments in the post-partum period as well. Ap mentionly, men suffer from a jealousy of the babys tutelage which I felt was ridiculous. However, I do believe that time set aside for the couple is very Copernican for their sanity and will ultimately lead to better parenting. So if my wife is suffering from excessive worrying, depression, extreme changes in appetite, crying spells or inability to sleep, I will know from chapter 4 of Life Span Developmental Psychology, that she might require professional help.Chapter 5As stated in the title, chapter 5 covered the corporal Development in Infancy. The somatic evoketh formulas of infancy such as Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal patterns, height weight, nutrition, and even passel training were described. Following the bodily developments, motor, sensory and perceptual development was specify through definitions such as sensation, when information interacts with sensory receptors, and the five variant forms of reflexes.Chapter 5 alone can be a useful puppet for parents who have any questions on the development of an infant. Out of the many topics covered in this chapter, I of course place most with the toilet training. For age I had pride myself-importance on the notion that I was some grade of baby genius because I learned to potty train at the age of cardinal. After reading that children have the somatogenic and motor skil ls to use the toilet as oppose to their pants, I take ind that I was not a baby genius but a late bloomer. likewise destroying my ego, I did learn that one of the master(prenominal) argues I have been skinny my whole life is receivable to the fact that I was not pectus fed. The book states the breast feeding allows appropriate weight gain, fewer allergies, little diaherria and many early(a) benefits that I did not have the opportunity to experience. This chapter had me realize how the forcible development in infancy can affect the physical developments of adolescence and enceinte hood. Ultimately, this chapter reinforced the importance of proper nutrition, continuous stimulation of the learning ability and bole are crucial during infant development.Chapter 6The memory, sensory, and wording of infants were all described in Chapter 6 Cognitive Development in Infancy. A name that was mentioned numerous times throughout the chapter was psychologist Jean Piaget. Piaget devel oped a theory on Cognitive Development after meticulously observant of his own children Laurent, Lucienne, and Jacqueline. Piaget believed that a child passes through different stages of thought from birth to adolescence. An important concept of his theory is scheme, which helps individuals organize and understand their experiences.The most entrancing part of chapter six for me was the defining, of voice converse and a childs development of vocabulary. An interesting fact I learned was that children all over the world reach language milestones at about the same time developmentally despite great variation in language input. The chapter also offered helpful strategies to develop an infants language and those are recasting, echoing, expanding, and labeling. An example for recasting is if the baby says the bell rang the parent should move by saying where did the bell ring. This allows the infant to learn the language by elaborating on an interest they had already stated. Perhaps t he most common method is labeling, which is just basically naming objects and having the baby repeat them such eyes, and ears.The chapter ended by stating that parents should not use any deliberate method to larn their children to talk and that if the child is a slow learner intervention should come a extend naturally with the goal of being able to convey a importee.Chapter 7Chapter 7 Socioemotional Development in Infancy delimitate what emotional and spirit development are in addition to the definition of attachment and infants in social contexts. The vast emotions an infant contains from crying to smiling were detailed such as the differences amongst an anger cry and a pain cry, as well as the difference between a reflexive grimace and a social smile. Other concepts introduced were defining temperament, which psychiatrist have argued that there are three types an easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up child. The chapter ended focusing on the importance of a childs surrounding such as family and day care. These concepts were the vicissitude to parenthood, the family as a system, and maternal/parental infant care giving.What captivated my attention the most from this chapter was the section on attachment, because it is something that I believe is very crucial in a childs development, however there are many different ideas and methods that can sometime cause debate or conflict between parents. Something I learned new about attachment from the chapter was that attachment does not emerge suddenly but rather develops in a series of phases.The archetypal phase starts from birth to two months where infants are instinctively directing their attention to any human being, family or stranger. The second phase is from two to cardinal months in which the attachment becomes centre on one figure unremarkably the primary caregiver, and learns the difference between familiar and unfamiliar faces. From seven to cardinal months in phase three the infant makes specific attachments to their main caregivers. Finally, in phase four a goal corrected partnership is formed which the child becomes aware of some others and takes this into account when deciding their actions.Chapter 8The early puerility section of the book started in Chapter 8 material and Cognitive Development in Early childhood. The physical development was defined by body growth and change, motor development, nutrition, and affection/death. The concepts described in the cognitive development, were Piagets and Vygotskys theories of development, information processing, language development, and early childhood education. In addition, to information processing, language development, and early childhood education.The most alarming information listed in this chapter was the leading causes of illness and death for young children in the united states. Out of all the diseases that could potentially harm a child, accidents are still the leading cause of child fatality. Accidents such as mot or vehicle, drowning, falls, and poisoning are higher risks than cancer, meningitis, measles, and even chicken pox.One of the many useful tips listed in this chapter were the descriptions of young childrens education programs. Such as the difference between Montessori and child centered kindergarten. In kindergarten, the instructor focuses on the process of learning, rather than what is actually being learned. Montessori instructors action as more of a facilitator allowing children to practice freedom and spontaneity. I learned that Montessori offers way more than what I thought was just a glorified day care. Studies have shown that while early childhood education is good, it is important to not add in like manner much stress on a child early, for they can develop a pattern of stress.Chapter 9The written report for chapter 9 was Socioemotional Development in early childhood development. This include emotional and disposition development, families and friction match evaluations. The emotional and personality development covered self understanding, emotional development, moral development and gender identity. The family section of this chapter consisted of different styles of parenting which include authoritarian, authorative, neglectful, and indulgent. In addition to sibling influence, relationship, and the affect working parents have on a childs development. Finally, the fun dwell part of the chapter was all about the different aspects of childs play such as games and telly.As I stated earlier, I really enjoyed the different descriptions of child playing listed in this chapter. correspond to Mildred Parten, there are four classifications of childrens play which include unoccupied, solitary, onlooker, parallel, associative, and cooperative. Each different classification offers the child different skills of learning and drawbacks. Unoccupied play, solitary, onlooker, and parallel play are broadly undecomposed by children between the ages of 3 to 7, pre civilise kindergarten years. Associative and cooperative play is generally more structured and is aimed towards competition and winning therefore they are aimed for 7 years and beyond.A shocking statistic that the book offered was the effects of television on Childrens Aggression and prosocial behavior. In on longitudinal study, the amount of violence viewed on television at age 8 was significantly related to the earnestness of criminal acts performed as an adult. The chapter contained a chart that exposed the percentage of 9 year old children who report watching more than five arcminutes of television per weekday, the chart revealed that the United States led all countries in the 21.3 percentile.Chapter 10Chapter 10 opened section 5 of the book which covers warmheartedness and late childhood. The chapter covered the Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle and previous(a) Childhood. The physical development section covered body growth and proportion, motor development, moti on and haves, health, illness, diseases, and children with disabilities. The cognitive development section consisted of Piagets theory, information processing, intelligence, creativity, and language development.Being a firm believer in the importance of instance and sports, I identified with that aspect of the chapter. As I was completely already aware of, the book stated that American children do not receive enough exercise in their development. tally to a 1997 study, only 22 percent of children between the ages of 9 to 12 participate in thirty minutes of physical activity a day. The parents of the other 78 percent said their children were overly busy playing video games, watching TV, or wasting time on the computer.I really liked how the chapter brought up the issue of school sports programs not facing enough moral questioning. I am a firm believer in the costiveness that sports have on students. I believe it raises their confidence, teaches them to work hard and push themse lves. However, often times the school sport programs interfere with a childs academic, which is by far the most important aspect of human development. There needs to be better regulation of these programs to get word the success of its student-athletes.Chapter 11The Socioemotional Development in Middle and posthumous Childhood. The quest(a) concepts were Emotional and Personality development, families, peers, and schools. Like in previous chapters, emotional and personality development consisted of the self, emotional, moral and gender identity and development. Family section covered parent child issues such as the issue of changes in discipline. The peers section dealt with concepts of peer statuses, bullying, social cognition, and friendship.I enjoyed the peer section of this chapter. It was interesting to read their definition, and ratiocination behind social statuses such as fashionable children, neglected children, rejected children, and controversial children. According to the book, popular children are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers. Popular children give out reinforcements, listen carefully, maintain open lines of communication with peers, are happy, act like them, show enthusiasm and concern for others, and are self-confident without being conceited. I disagree with this definition. From my understanding, popular children are usually popular based on superior athletic abilities, good looks, influence and charisma. Most of the time they are very conceited and show very little concern for others, speaking as a former popular child, I was an asshole.The section on bullying was very informative. I especially enjoyed their suggestions on the reducing of bullying which were to get older peers to serve as monitors for bullying and intervene when they see it taking place, form friendship groups for teenageds who are regularly bullied by peers, incorporate the message of the anti-bullying program into chur ch, school, and other society activates where adolescents are involved.Chapter 12 slit 6 girlishs opened up with Chapter 12 Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence. The concepts covered in this chapter were the nature of adolescence, puberty, adolescent sexuality, adolescent problems and health, adolescent cognition, and schools. Puberty was defined by pubertys boundaries and determinants, hormonal changes, height, weight, sexual maturation, body image, early and late maturation. Adolescent sexuality consisted of growth a sexual identity, the progression of adolescent sexual behaviors, risk factors for sexual problems, contraceptive use, sexually catching diseases and pregnancy. Adolescent health and problems covered content use and abuse, eating disorders, and general adolescent health. Adolescent cognition was defined by Piagets theory, egocentrism, and information processing. Finally schools impact on adolescence went over the transition of midst school, effectiv e schools, high school dropouts, and moral education.Without a doubt chapter 12 was by far the most interesting and informational chapter yet. With such well written, intelligent facts on the changes that adolescence brings, I almost felt as if I was reliving that time in development myself after reading this chapter. Perhaps one of the more interesting facts listed was the progression of adolescent sexual behavior. According to a survey done in 1998, the majority of adolescent females first voluntary sexual partner are 27 percent of the time to be 3 or four times older and 12 percent are 5 or more years older. The sightly age children lose their virginity is 17, this means that 12 percent of the time, 22 year olds or older are engaging in sexual sex act with teenagers. I found that to be very distributing.Chapter 13Following the books natural pattern, the second chapter in the section of Adolescence dealt with the Socioemotional Development in Adolescence. The chapters concepts were identity, families, peers, culture and adolescent development, and adolescent problems. Identity discussed contemporary thoughts about identity, identity statuses and development, family influences on identity, cultural and ethnic aspects of identity. The Families section had two major concepts which were autonomy and attachment as well as parent adolescent conflict. The peers section was defined the three concepts of Peer groups, friendships, and dating/romantic relationships. Culture and adolescent development consisted of the cross cultural comparisons and rites of passage and ethnicity concept. Finally, the adolescent problems section of the chapter discussed concepts of juvenile delinquency, depression and suicide, in addition to the interrelation of problems and successful prevention/ intervention programs.After reading this chapter I realized that I am more intrigued by the Adolescent development stage rather than early childhood. I think this could be because I am refi nementr to it age wise, but mostly due to the fact that it is such an intense, and complex part of a persons life that it can affect their future. Speaking from a former delinquent, I felt that the chapter described the causes of delinquency being partially hereditary, identity problems, community influences, and family experiences all just factors.Chapter 14Section 7 Early boastfulhood was opened with Chapter 14 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood. The chapter dealt with the transition from adolescence to matureness, physical development, sexuality, cognitive development, flights and work. The section on the transition from adolescence to adulthood consisted of two concepts being the criteria for becoming an adult, and the transition from high school to college. Physical development include the peak and slowdown in physical performance, eating and weight, regular exercise, and magnetic core abuse. The sexuality section was defined by sexual orientation, sexuall y transmitted diseases, forcible sexual behavior and sexual harassment. Cognitive Development focused on cognitive stages and creativity. The most intense section was careers and work because it consisted of the following concepts developmental changes, personality types, values and careers, monitoring the occupational handbook, the skills employers want, finding the right career, and just work in general.Since I could be considered an early adult, I found this chapter to be very relatable and interesting. Of course the most interesting section of this chapter was sexuality. What was so interesting about this section were once again the surveys results. According to this survey Americans tend to fall into three categories, one trine have sex twice a week or more, one third have a few times a month, and the other third has it a few times a year or less. A result from the essay I did not agree with or thought perhaps is out dated, was that America believes strongly in sexual behavior between married couples and monogamy. There have been many other studies and surveys that prove opposite that we are one of the many non-monogamous countries in the world today.Chapter 15Socioemotional Development in Early Adulthood was what was covered in chapter 15. Topics included Continuity and Discontinuity from Childhood to Adulthood, Attraction, Love and Close friendships, Marriage/Family, The Diversity of Adult Lifestyles, Gender, Relationships, and Self Development. Temperament and Attachment were covered in the Continuity and Discontinuity from Childhood section of the chapter. Attraction, Love and Close Friendships was divided into three sections of attraction, the faces of love, and loneliness. Marriage and Family consisted of the family life cycle, marriage in general, the aspects of gender and emotion in Marriage, as well as parental roles. Single, cohabiting, divorced, remarried, gay and lesbian adults were examined in the diversity of adult lifestyles section of th is chapter. The last section, Gender, Relationships, and Self-development consisted on the development of men and women.I enjoyed the section on marital expectations and myths because it gave me a good sense of what I can expect if I ever do get married. According to the book, the reason for our nations high divorce and dis ecstasy of marriage is due to the fact that we have too high of expectations. We expect our spouse to simultaneously be a lover, friend, a confidant, a counselor, a career person, and a parent. The myths of marriage were the most interesting part of this concept. Apparently, avoiding conflict does not save marriages, sex is not the main cause of affairs, and men arent all philanderers. After reading this chapter all I could say was, AMEN Tools that make marriage work are establishing love maps, nurturing warmheartedness and admiration, Turning toward each other instead of away, letting your partner influence you, and solving solvable conflicts. Useful tool were provided in this chapter.Chapter 16Section 8 Middle Adulthood began as all other sections with Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood. Topics included in chapter 16 were changing gist age, physical development, cognitive development, careers, work, and leisure, religion and meaning of life. Physical development included physical changes, health and diseases, culture, personality, relationships and health, morality rates and sexuality. Cognitive development was described through the concepts of intelligence and information processing. Job satisfaction, career challenges and changes, and leisure were what was covered in the careers, work and leisure section. Finally, Religion and meaning of life consisted of the affect religion has on the health and psychological development of middle adult hood.This chapter was kind of depressing to read. It made me realize that middle adult hood is usually spent wishing that you were still in early adult hood and are constantly fear ing for late adulthood. With middle adult hood comes a terrible physical change like wrinkles, aging spots, decrease in height, increase in weight and the more likelihood of containing a serious disease or illness such as cardio vascular disease.An interesting part of the chapter was the description of leisure in middle adult hood. Leisure refers to the pleasant times after work when individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing. One aspect of middle adulthood to look forward to be the fact that most adults have more money therefore they can do hobbies such as traveling. He book states that traveling is very important to the well being of a middle adult because it gives them a chance to distress and get away from the typical routine aspects of life. Adults who vacation can live up to nine years longer than those who dont.Chapter 17Chapter 17 was about the Socioemotional Development in Middle Adulthood. Personality theories and development in middle ad ult hood, which consisted of adult stage theories, the life events approach, and contexts of midlife development, were the first section of this chapter. Stability and sort was described by two concepts of longitudinal studies and conclusions. The last part of the chapter discussed close relationships which was described by love/marriage at midlife, the assoil nest and its refilling, parenting conceptions, sibling relationships and friends, and intergenerational relationships.My mothers relationships with her siblings and parents are complex. Therefore the sibling relationships and friendships section of this book was what I felt I could identify with the most because I wanted to learn more about the dynamics of those relationships and how they change when you reach midlife. Unfortunately, the chapter didnt really cover anything it just said some stay on close some grow apart. I would have like to know why some siblings stay close and some grow apart. In addition to maybe some st rategies to keep those relationships close would have been nice.One interesting aspect of this chapter was the empty nest syndrome. According to the book the empty nest syndrome is the marital satisfaction decreases because parents derive considerable satisfaction from their children and the childrens departure leaves parents with empty feelings. Parents who live vicariously through their children suffer from emptiness syndrome. On the other hand, other couples greater marriage satisfaction when the children leave because they are able to live as they did before there was children, like more time for each other and other pursuits.Chapter 18Finally Ive reached the last section which is the inevitable Late Adulthood. As always, The physical Development in Late Adulthood was examined first. The topics were Longevity, The course of physical development in late adulthood, and health. Longevity consisted of life expectancy, life span, the young old, the old old, and the oldest old and bio logical theories of aging. The course of physical development in late adulthood is the aging brain, physical appearance, sensory development, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, and sexuality development. As if all that wasnt enough, the book discussed late adulthood health, with topics of health problems, the robust oldest old, exercise, nutrition, weight, and finally health treatment. This chapter was depressing, informative, and interesting all at once.The depressing aspect of this chapter was the descriptions of the physical changes you face with late adulthood development. You become more vulnerable to diseases, we lose considerable muscle mass, contain a more sagging look, as well as loss of hearing, smell, try on and just about every other aspect of our physical being is worsen. Not to mention you become more asexual, due to diseases such as erectile dysfunction and societal views of disgust towards senior citizens engaging in such acts.Some of the more informati ve information in this chapter was the maturation controversy over vitamins and aging. My grandparents take several vitamins because they were instructed that it was crucial to their health. According to the book, some researchers believe that just a balance diet is all that is needed to achieve health at an old age. Why this is true and important, other studies have shown that other factors such as pollution, smoking, and poor food attribute can make it difficult, therefore those who took antioxidants like vitamin E reduced their chance of heart disease.Chapter 19Chapter 19 was the Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood. The topics Cognitive operation in older adults, work and retirement, the mental health of older adults, and religion in late adulthood were discussed. Cognitive functioning in older Adults consisted of the descriptions of the multidimensional, multidirectional nature of cognition, education, work, and health links to cognitive functioning, the use it or lose it approach, and the training of cognitive skills. Work and retirement talked about work for senior citizens in general, retirement in the united states and other countries and their adjustment to it. The mental health of older adults discussed its nature, depression, dementia, Alzheimers disease and other afflictions. As well as fear of victimization, crime, elder maltreatment, and meeting the mental health needs of older adults.I was very intrigued by the story of 92 year old Russell Bob Harrell. Apparently, this man puts in twelve hour days at Sieco Consulting Engineers in Columbus Indiana, as a street and bridge engineer designing and planning roads. I