The Roman Catholic Church of the Middle Ages

It presided over the key events of life--birth, conjugal union and death. Its moral code and its canon law governed human conduct . . . . It provided fundamental religious stories--Adam and Eve, Jesus and Mary, Peter and John--around which men and women could excogitate and give meaning to their functions.

Aurelius Augustinus (354-430 CE, later St. Augustine), "whose influence on Christianity would be greater than that of any other man except the apostle Paul," ashes the chief philosopher of Roman Catholicism. In his De civitate Dei (The City of God), he declare that the downfall of the Roman Empire, in which Christians were blamed for the sack of capital of Italy by the Visigoths in 410 CE, was due not to the adoption of its saucily faith but to the trappings of its old one, continuing sins--lascivious acts by the people at large, and corruption among the politicians. In actuality, Alaric and most of his Visigoths were "Arian Christians."

Augustine's philosophical system of religion divided all creation into either civitate Dei or civitate terrena--the "e imposturehly city" of self-will--and one's choice would determine how eternity would be spent.

Mankind (hominum) is divided into two sorts: such as live according to man, and such as live according to God. These we mystically call the "two cities" or societies, the one predestined to triumph eternally with God, the other condemned to perpetual torment with Satan

Jones, Thomas M., ed. The Becket Controversy. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1970.

Similarly, a earn from Urban to "the faithful at Bologna" echoed the idea that penances had the capability to eradicate the most dire consequences of sin which a sinner would face after death.

The Fourth Crusade (1198-1204) was the longest and least productive of all. At the urging of Innocent III from the measure he was elected, repeated efforts were made to enlist, equip, and conduct a major(ip) crusade. After a variety of misdeeds in 1202-1204, in Hungary and elsewhere in the Mediterranean region--everywhere except the Holy Land--the crusaders turned their tending to Constantinople, seat of the Eastern Church.

After several foundering attempts to scoot the city, on April 12, 1204, control of the walls was won; the next day, it was over. Three " unspeakable" days of killing and looting ensued, irreplaceable works of art were destroyed, hoards of relics were stolen (including body parts and stone fragments of holy places), and

Bull suggests that the first gear Crusade (1095-1099) may have been an attempt to reconcile man's inclination to violent behavior with biblical imperatives to seek peace.

McKinley, Albert E., Arthur C. Howland, and Matthew L. Dann. World archives in the Making. New York: American Book Co., 1927.

The governor (of Jerusalem) and his retinue were the only Muslims to escape alive. The intoxication of victory, religious fanaticism, and the memory of hardships bottled up for three years exploded into a horrifying bloodshed in which the crusaders hacked down everyone, irrespective of race or religion, who was regrettable enough to come within reach of their swords. They waded, ankle-deep in blood, through streets covered with bodies.

Late in the thirteenth century, the dedicate of dividing the body was becoming a customary practice, particularly for authorised clergy and nobles. One belief suggests that the interment of a body in many places pro
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