Factors That Influence Household And Individual Food Consumption Economics Essay

Factors That Influence kinsperson And Individual fodder Consumption Economics EssayThis paper identifies the factors that captivate the folk and individual nourishment for thought pulmonary tuberculosis. Since nutrient is the most important fictional charactericular proposition of the habit basket, an analysis of the changes in food function warning over snip has a superfluous signifi dischargece which is the most important factor for starting time and middle income groups. Food usance pattern is an excellent index finger of economic well existence of people. Economic Development is not tot wholey brings about significant changes in the socio-economic and cultural life of a habitant commonaltywealth precisely it also influences the takes of victuals in the long run. India, a quick developing and agrarian sovereign economy has been bringing some another(prenominal) changes in the socio economic life of her commonwealth since independence.Keyword -Ex penditure, Consumption Patterns, Food Consumption and abode Consumer Expenditure, Factors affecting food consumption pattern.IntroductionThe analysis of ever-changing food consumption pattern over time would help in scheming appropriate policies cogitate to food production and distribution .Increasing number of on the job(p) women, sharpen in per capita income, changing lifestyles and increase level of affluence in the middle income group pass on also brought about changes in food habits. Rapid urbanization and sociological changes handle the desire on the part of the housewives to spend less time in kitchen, the increased value for leisure, alter of family ties, increased impact of television and its advertisement as well as changing life styles of the families, take aim brought about the changes in food consumption pattern. Since food is the most important item of the consumption basket, an analysis of the changes in food consumption pattern over time has a special signif icance which is the most important comp adeptnt for low and middle income groups. Food phthisis pattern is an excellent indicator of economic well being of people. If the connection is wealthy proportionately game expending will be make on secondary necessities, comfort, luxury products and conspicuous consumption. On the other, if the society is at subsistence level, people will spend proportionately more on food. Engels law also states that the poorer the family, the greater is the proportion of its total income devoted to grooming of food.Economic Development is not only brings about significant changes in the socio-economic and cultural life of a habitant population but it also influences the levels of living in the long run. India, a rapid developing and agrarian dominant economy has been bringing many changes in the socio economic life of her population since independence. Due to variations in natural re ancestrys endowments physical and climatic conditions economic facto rs like income, prices and the extent of magnetization demographic factors like menage size and mark of urbanization and cultural factors atomic number 18 credibly to influence consumption phthisis pattern. Such diverse socio-economic, demographic and cultural factors are reflected in the variation in the distribution of consumption expending as it is revealed by the field sample persuasion organization data on consumption expenditure in India.Food consumption has been a subject of research all over the realism. It is especially meaningful in developing countries where food expenditure accounts for a relatively large share of kinsfolk income. Studies on food consumption shed light on food related nutritionary policies. They provide estimates of how food consumption is affected by change in prices, income and taxation policies ( Dune and Edkins 2005)The studies on food consumption pattern or expenditure pattern are very important as it is related to poverty and standard of our society. Food being the foremost basic indispensableness write downs the antecedence in the expenditure of people, especially the poor screenes. It is necessary to conceive the change in food consumption pattern under the changing situation of liberalization, privatization and globalization.After liberalization began in 1991, though much(prenominal) assist has been paid to the reduction in head count ratio, less priority pick up been accorded to the magnitude and pattern of food consumption. Ray and Lancaster (2005) have lately shown that the link had weakened to the extent that the official poverty line in India today is quite out of step with that based on the household minimum calorie requirements. This necessitates an analysis on the magnitude and trend in food consumption, especially cereals, over the reform period in India, in view of their strong implications for food and nutrition securities. This study provides evidence on the magnitude and patterns in food c onsumption status of both cracker-barrel and urban population.There is a strong indication that rise in the levels of living index not have been distributed well and certain pockets of the states might have remained impoverished in spite of their overall growth. While studies split on the consumption expenditure among agrarian and urban households for various expenditure classes at macro level, very few studies have been done at micro level to explain the hobnailed urban differences in the consumption pattern.Per capita income and food consumption both are the indicators of human development but food consumption is a better indicator of human welfare. Indias immediate economic growth over 1990s has raised per capita income (expenditure) and has significantly squeeze its food consumption patterns by causing a change in the structure of food consumption patterns observed earlier during pre-reforms period. This raises the relevance of tone at the composition of Indias food co nsumption basket. Changes in the composition of food consumption expenditure during the 1990s, including the shift from cereals to non-cereal items against the background of a decline in food expenditure share, occurred right across the growth spectrum and raise the stretch out of the nutritional implications of food items particularly during post-reforms period.PurposeThe purpose of this study of the literary productions was to determine which factors influence household and individual food consumption.Literature examineNumerous studies have been made in recent years on the trends of poverty, inequality and level of living in Indian states during the 1990s. Some have highlighted the reduction in poverty (Sundaram and Tendulkar 2003 Bhanumurthy and Mitra 2004), while some others have expressed anguish over the rising economic inequality (Deaton and Dreze, 2002 Sen and Himanshu, 2004 Krishna, 2004).There is a common feeling that although thither has been some overall improvement in the comely levels of living of people across the majority of states, those who were already on a better footing could reap the advantages of the economic reforms in the 90s and experience faster growth, while there was no tangible improvement for the poorest few. Again, the rural -urban expenditure gap, believed to have widened overtime, needs meticulous scrutiny.Campbell (1960) conducted a survey and had given a comparison between older persons and younger persons at identical income level. Younger people, at all income level, spend more on clothing, furniture and miscellaneous items than older people but less on medical care. David (1962) studies revealed that the size of the family and frequency of purchasing durable goods, kinds of durable purchased and the substitution of durables for commercial services hampers the consumption pattern of households. Chatterjee (1962) on the basis on NSS consumption expenditure data for rural and urban areas and six zones has been estimate d for elasticities on expenditures on food.Gupta(1968) has compared the differences in overall consumption patterns in the state of UP and Tamil Nadu for the reason of their known and distinct economic , social and cultural differences .The study has concluded that there exist significant differences in consumer expenditure on various categories of item in those states in general as well as also between rural and urban regions in each of devil states.Kwang (1972) had analyzed the effect of income as well as other economic and social demographic characteristics on households consumption expenditure significantly among different groups. Chatterjee Bhattacharya(1972) have constructed indices of consumer price differential between the rural areas of different states of India with NSS 18th round data. Rao(1977), in her study has tried to name some measures at development in order to identify regressive regions and subsequently to examine the trends in inter regional and inter sectora l disparities in India.The study by Sarkar(1983) based on NSS consumer expenditure data for 13,16,21 28 rounds supports the hypothesis that level of living and expenditure pattern differs over the states. Kumar and Aggarwal (2004) mulish the extent of poverty in Delhi slums through consumption patterns, date and educational status of the slum population.FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE FOOD CONSUMPTIONIncomeIncome is an important mover of widening the range of consumption options, especially as economies around the world become increasingly monetized. Income gives people the big businessman to buy diverse, nutritious foods sooner of feeding only their own crops, to pay for motorized transport or else of walking, to pay for health care and education for their families, to pay for water from a tap instead of walking for many hours to collect it from a well. The increasing dependence of much consumption on private income means that changes in income have a dominant influence on changes i n consumption. When incomes rise steadily consumption rises for most of the population. But for the same reason, when incomes decline, consumption also falls sharply, with devastating consequences for human well being.Demographic CharacteristicsThe demographic characteristics have an important bearing on the level of income, consumption expenditure and rescue of the society. Features like rate of growth of population, educational level of the head of the household and other members, the age of the members of the household, the size of the family are some of the factors which have a direct effect on the saving of the community, especially in the rural areas. According to Leff (1969) this factor as a determinant of saving had been left wing out because, this hypothesis had not been validated by extensive experiential testingLevel of EducationThe level of education of the head of the household and that of other members of the family determines the nature of occupation they are invol ved in, the level of income that they get and the motivations for saving. Also the level of education of the female members of the community is likely to have a positive influence on the saving ratesizing and Pattern of AssetsFor any economic unit wealth reflects the net direct of accumulated saving, revaluation of assgets and capital transfers ever since the unit came into existence. The size and pattern of assets held by the households determine the income enjoyed by the household as also the add of income saved and the pattern of investment of saving.Time useOpportunities to consume can be severely limited by lack of time. Women, spend many hours a day meeting the households needs and have no time left for education, better health care or community activities. Similarly, overworked labourers whitethorn receive an adequate wage. but they often work long hours and are denied the opportunity of regular leave.InformationInformation is the key to raising cognisance of the range of consumption options acquirable and enabling the consumer to decide which choices are best. Without information. there is no way of knowing what goods and services are available in the market. and what services are being provided by the state and are. By right, available to all. Advertising and public information campaigns play an important role in this respect.Social barriersIncome cannot always remove barriers to access to opportunities. This is particularly so when considerations of gender, class or ethnicity limit peoples freedom to consume the goods and services they want. For example, people belong to certain ethnic groups might be denied equal access to education, employment and other basic social services by the state, regardless of how much they earn.The household- decision- make and upbringingMuch analysis of consumer decision-making assumes that the person making the decision is the one who will directly benefit from the consumption. This is far from the truth in many ca ses. A great deal of household consumption decision making is in the hands of one person-often the mother or the father of the family.Although this whitethorn lead to good outcomes, it can also be a source of inequity within the family- Household values has a wider effect on the consumption options of individual members. The education and upbringing given to children early in life play a critical part in establishing their ability to make good use of the options available for living a safe and fulfilling life. The remarkable expansion and diversification in consumption options have made it more difficult for consumers to make informed choices.Globalization and ConsumptionAs a result of increased purchasing power and opportunity to purchase, a change was manifest in the activity of consumption. The definition of what constitutes a requirement is changing, and the distinctions between luxuries and necessities are blurring. Globalization is integrating not just trade, investment and financial markets it is also integrating consumer markets around the world and opening opportunities. This has two effects i.e. economic and social. Economic integration has accelerated the opening of consumer markets with a constant flow of new products. There is fierce competition to remove to consumers worldwide, with increasingly aggressive advertising. On the social side local and depicted object boundaries are breaking down in the setting of social standards and aspirations in consumption.Technological AdvancementAnother important factor that has changed the rural consumption pattern in recent years is the technological advancement in agriculture which has in turn raised the income of the rural population. The increased income is likely to be used for consuming more of the items which are already in their commodity basket. This may increase their choices of falling on goods with sensory arouse such as sweets, tobacco, drugs and intoxicants and also those goods and services associated with prestige and status.Summary and completionThis study shows that food plays a central part in the culture, traditions . alpha events such as weddings, funerals, and religious celebrations are all accompanied by food specifically prepared for the occasion. Consumption of traditional food is more often than not associated with poverty and consequently, as people move to the city, they change their diet to a typical westernised diet with a high fat content and low carbohydrate intake (Bourne et al., 1996). Our study order that this population associated meat with high socio-economic standing and therefore tried to consume it on daily basis. Our findings are confirmed by those of Wong et al. (1984) who examined a relationship between household income, level and expense and consumption of food in urban marginal areas of Mexico. The authors found a marked tendency to increase consumption of high protein foods as family income increased. It emphasizes the critical import ance of taking these factors into consideration in developing strategies for modifying eating practices.